加油站油流静电在线监测技术及应用

为提高加油站安全作业水平,分析了卸油、加油过程中油流静电起电因素和常用检测方法。根据高斯定理从理论上探讨了通过测量输油管道内中心电位得到油流静电电荷密度的检测原理,并基于杆球传感器以及压电传感器技术设计开发了油品静电在线监测仪,实现了对加油枪前后、加油机内部管线及过滤器油品带电情况的在线监测。测试结果表明:基于此静电监测技术,建立加油站油流电荷监测与联锁控制措施,可有效避免油品静电燃爆事故的发生,保障加油站安全生产。     

地下储库掘进爆破地表震动角度效应分析

为确定地下工程爆破掘进对地表建筑震动影响,采用TC-4850型爆破测振仪对地表周围建筑物进行实时监测。通过对振动速度监测数据与爆源距以及装药量之间的关系进行分析,研究地表振动特性及变化规律。研究结果表明:掌子面掘进前方地表振速监测数据进行拟合,相关性较好,而掘进后方则相关性较差;爆源距与掌子面在水平面投影夹角越小,监测数据相关性较强,而该夹角越大监测数据相关性较差;在掌子面后方,爆源距在水平面投影越是接近于垂直掌子面,地表振速越高,具有放大效应。     

基于新内点测试与Grid-SCAN的铀尾矿库监测定位算法

面向铀尾矿库放射性核素污染WSN监测中,由于监测环境制约,针对该条件下节点密度低、带状分布网络连通性差等问题,为保证一定定位精度,提出一种新的定位算法。新内点测试利用RSSI值与海伦公式判断是否在三角形内外,无需未知节点周围其他节点信息,并采用Grid-SCAN寻找概率模型选取点,使该算法满足低密度条件的定位并减少其计算量。约束范围内计算网格内各点RSSI值的概率,并以最大概率坐标为定位结果。经过仿真,新算法较APIT算法在定位精度上提高了55%~69%。     

Dynamic-risk-informed safety barrier management: An application to cost-effective barrier optimization based on data from multiple sources

An integrated approach for performance assessment and management of safety barriers in a systemic manner is needed concerning the prevention and mitigation of major accidents in chemical process industries. Particularly, the effects of safety barriers on system risk reduction should be assessed in a dynamic manner to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. A simulation approach, named Simulink-based Safety Barrier Modeling (SSBM), is proposed in this paper to conduct dynamic risk assessment of chemical facilities with the consideration of the degradation of safety barriers. The main functional features of the SSBM include i) the basic model structures of SSBM can be determined based on bow-tie diagrams, ii) multiple data (periodic proof test data, continuous condition-monitoring data, and accident precursor data) may be combined to update barrier failure probabilities and initiating event probabilities, iii) SSBM is able to handle uncertainty propagation in probabilistic risk assessment by using Monte Carlo simulations, and iv) cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and optimization algorithms are integrated to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. An illustrative case study is demonstrated to show the procedures of applying the SSBM on dynamic risk-informed safety barrier management and validate the feasibility of implementing the SSBM for cost-effective safety barrier optimization.     

基于EMD-HHT可定位长输天然气管道第三方破坏事件监测技术

为适应目前管道安全监测需要,满足对扰动信号分类监测的实际需求,提出1种基于希尔伯变换和经验模态分解(EMD-HHT)的信号特征提取技术,利用基于φ-OTDR分布式光纤传感系统采集振动信号,通过EMD+HHT区分算法对管道沿线振动事件进行分解并提取6个典型特征向量,各特征事件数据经过EMD后选取IMF3为最终提取特征向量的原始数据,BP神经元网络可有效识别机械破坏、敲击破坏、车辆经过、人工挖掘、动力干扰5种事件。研究结果表明：在长输管道信号识别中,BP神经网络对5类事件平均识别率高达98.6%,该技术分类识别5类事件扰动信号,能够达到较高准确性,并且误报率平均在1.3%,能较好满足现场安全实时监测需求。研究结果对长输油气管道附近第三方破坏扰动信号分类监测具有一定参考意义。     

浅析县级环境监测站的污染状况及防治措施

针对目前中国县级环境监测站存在的污染种类及危害,阐明环境监测站是一种不容忽视的污染源,其污染物种类多样、成分复杂、毒害较大,并针对不同的污染提出相应的治理办法,提出对县级环境监测站加强污染防治,推行绿色实验室。     

电化学法测定化学需氧量的研究及应用动态

总结了近年来的电化学法测定化学需氧量的研究进展及在线自动监测领域的应用现状。介绍了电化学法快速、准确和低耗、无二次污染的特点,指出了电化学法是实现化学需氧量快速检测和在线自动监测的发展方向之一,具有广阔的应用前景和深入研究的价值。     

Effectiveness of resistivity monitoring for interpreting temporal changes in landfill properties

It is always possible for impermeable layers to exist in landfills. When they do, the properties of the solution at the exit of the leachate-collection system might not accurately reflect the overall properties of the landfill. This study examines whether resistivity monitoring is effective for determining the influence of impermeable layers on the leachate. The test cell used in this study was filled with waste made up mainly of incinerator ash and shredded incombustible material. Three lines of resistivity sensors were laid in the uppermost layer of the fill. A resistivity profile was recorded periodically from each of these lines. The water-table level and leachate properties were measured concurrently. Leachate conductivity was mainly controlled by concentrations of the main ions, and it correlated inversely to variations in resistivity. Temporal changes in the resistivity of the fills are an excellent means of assessing the leaching in fills. Monitoring the properties of leachate, combined with resistivity profiling, is extremely useful for interpreting the temporal changes of properties in landfills containing impermeable layers.     

地下水DNAPLs污染的研究进展

地下水有机污染特别是DNAPLs污染是当前国际上地下水污染控制的热点问题。本文综述了DNAPLs的监测技术、DNAPL在含水层的迁移及DNAPb污染场地修复技术的研究进展。     

典型城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素

基于“十四五”生态环境监测要求,针对目前国内城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素相对缺乏这一问题,以移动源为主要大气污染来源的甘肃省兰州市为例,在典型道路两侧不同点位、不同高度监测6种常规大气污染物浓度及气象参数,同时获取道路车流量和车型信息,探究其大气污染特征及影响因素。结果表明：道路两侧及道路同侧不同高度处大气污染物监测浓度均存在差异。PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度随高度升高而逐渐降低,在2 m高度处最高,SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃浓度均呈现随高度先升高再降低的趋势,在4 m高度处最高。SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO小时浓度在05:00—09:00达到峰值,在15:00—17:00达到谷值;而O₃小时浓度峰谷值的时间恰好相反。NO₂、CO浓度受车流量影响较大,代表时段NO₂浓度与重型货车流量表现出极强的相关性,CO浓度与小型客车流量表现出强相关性。监测时段6种污染物日均浓度与相对湿度均呈负相关;NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO日均浓度与风速均呈负相关,O₃日均浓度与风速呈正相关。