环境分子诊断技术在污染场地环境管理中的应用进展

环境分子诊断技术(EMDSs)是有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的总称,将其应用于污染场地特征识别、修复方案可行性评估、监测和修复终止等污染场地环境管理过程中,探明土壤和地下水中污染物生物和非生物降解过程、降解速率及机制,确定不同污染来源,可弥补传统污染场地环境管理方法的不足,具有广阔的发展前景。文章综述了污染场地环境管理过程及传统方法的不足,介绍了有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的基本原理和用途,并对各种技术的特点进行阐述和对比;介绍了EMDSs在污染场地环境管理中的实际应用,提出了EMDSs的发展趋势。     

Effect of spectral resolution on the measurement of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by DOAS

The excellent response characteristics and detection sensitivity with much lower operational cost and the capability to discriminate between the isomer of some monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHCs) make di erential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) a powerful tool to trace concentration variation of MAHCs. But due to the similarity in chemical structure, those MAHCs have the similar overlapped characteristic absorption structures, which make the selection of instrumental parameter critical to the accurate detection of MAHCs. Firstly, the spectral resolution used in DOAS system determines the nonlinear absorption of O2 and the mass dependence of characteristic absorption structure; thereby it determines the effect of elimination error of O2 absorption in the atmospheric spectra for the detection of MAHCs. Secondly, spectral resolution determines the di erential absorption characteristics of twelve MAHCs representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry and the interference of spectral overlapping. Thirdly, the spectral resolution determines the sensitivity, time resolution and linear range. So the spectral resolution range with the best ratio of signal to noise is used to determine the most suitable spectral resolution range, as well as the spectral resolution range that ensure the characteristic absorption structure of MAHCs and the minimization of O2 absorption interference. Finally, 0.15–0.16 nm (FWHM: full width at half maximum) is assumed to be closest to the optimum spectral resolution and it is confirmed by the results of practical measurement of MAHCs by DOAS.     

北碚区气溶胶光学厚度特征及其与颗粒物浓度的相关性

为了解重庆市北碚区大气质量状况,利用其2014年气溶胶光学厚度和颗粒物质量浓度的同步观测结果进行分析.结果表明,北碚区AOD_{500 nm}的年均值为1.46±0.69,其随月份变化明显,其中11月最高为2.90±1.85, 9月最低为0.54±0.05.北碚区存在颗粒物污染的现象,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的年均值分别为(62±40)μg·m^-3和(94±51)μg·m^-3,均超出GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,PM_2.5与PM₁₀的日均值超标率分别为26%和15%.细粒子PM_2.5与可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀浓度之间呈现显著性相关,全年决定系数R²能够达到0.95(P<0.01),AOD与PM_2.5、 PM₁₀之间全年均呈正相关特性,全年决定系数R²分别为0.48和0.46,且不同季节...     

长三角地区气溶胶光学性质与新粒子生成观测

2019年5月27日～6月27日对江苏省常州市的气溶胶光学性质参数、颗粒物数浓度和PM_2.5组分进行观测,联用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)、黑碳仪(AE33)、腔衰减相移式单次反照率监测仪(CAPS)、在线离子色谱分析仪(MARGA)和RT-4型有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)分析仪分析:①新粒子生成期间化学组分与光学参数的变化;②IMPROVE、 MIE理论重建消光系数与实测值的闭合性对比.观测期间共有两次明显的新粒子生成事件,粒子粒径从4 nm持续增长到64 nm,在新粒子生成初期硫酸盐贡献较大,生成过程中实测平均消光系数为95.40 Mm^-1,IMPROVE模型重建平均消光系数为140.20 Mm^-1,MIE理论模型计算平均消光系数为93.54 Mm^-1,低于我国城市气溶胶消光系数均值300 Mm^-1.本次观测采用多仪器联用的方式从颗粒物数浓度粒径谱、化学组分谱等不同的方面更好地对气溶胶理化性质进行表征.     

硫酸铵细粒子对苯二次有机气溶胶光学特性的影响

苯系物光氧化产生的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)能够散射、吸收大气辐射,扰动区域气候变化.硫酸铵((NH₄)₂SO₄)是大气中常见的无机细粒子,其大的比表面积可作为半挥发性化合物凝结和反应中心,进而影响SOA的化学组分和光学特性.本文采用烟雾箱研究(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子对苯SOA在200～600 nm范围内的平均质量吸收系数(mass absorption coefficient, MAC)的影响情况.实验结果表明,低浓度(小于100μg·m^-3)(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子仅作为凝结核心,不会影响苯SOA的光学性质.高浓度(大于100μg·m^-3)(NH₄)₂SO₄细粒子对咪唑类吸光产物的形成有促进作用.苯SOA的MAC值随着(NH₄)₂SO     

城市黑臭水体治理技术及措施分析

城市黑臭水体治理是一个长期的系统工程,应因地制宜,选择合适的综合治理技术及措施。在分析我国黑臭水体的成因及特征污染物的基础上,重点阐述了控源截污、内源控制、生态修复、补水活水等黑臭水体治理的主要技术及措施,分析了不同技术的原理、特点和局限性。以镇江市玉带河、贵阳市南明河为实例,分析了黑臭水体治理采取的技术及措施。此外,剖析了良好水质长效保持机制,以期为我国城市黑臭水体治理提供参考。     

电化学技术在环境保护中的应用

电化学技术由于其自身的特性和优点,在环境保护方面发挥着重要作用.主要对电化学技术处理环境污染物的基本方法和环境检测等方面的应用进行探讨和研究.     

环境水体中烷基酚前处理技术研究进展

烷基酚化合物作为一类典型的环境内分泌干扰物,可在水环境中长期稳定存在,已成为国内外众多学者研究的焦点之一。通过调研近年来国内外环境水体中烷基酚污染状况,针对其前处理技术进行了综述,重点介绍了环境水体中烷基酚分析检测过程中常用的液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取等前处理技术的原理、特点、影响因素及应用范围等。经梳理和分析相关文献,得出以下结论：1）烷基酚在国内外各类水环境介质中被广泛检出,浓度范围一般为未检出（ND）~几千ng/L,易吸附在水中悬浮物或胶体颗粒上,亟须建立可靠、高效、快速的前处理技术,为其在水体中的准确定性和定量分析奠定良好的基础;2）与固相微萃取和搅拌棒吸附萃取相比,液液萃取技术和固相萃取技术在回收率、精密度和稳定性方面更具优势,已被多个国家应用于水质烷基酚的标准分析方法中。未来应加强填料萃取容量和选择性、涂层耐用性、多种萃取技术联用等方面研究,以建立快速高效、微型化、无溶剂或少溶剂化、对环境友好、自动化的前处理技术;加强烷基酚化合物的管理,建议将其纳入水质质量标准、排放标准等。

     

Study of aerosol characteristics and sources using MAX-DOAS measurement during haze at an urban site in the Fenwei Plain

Atmospheric aerosols have effects on atmospheric radiation assessments, global climate change, local air quality and visibility. In particular, aerosols are more likely transformed and accumulated in winter. In this paper, we used the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument to study the characteristics of aerosol type and contributions of PM_2.5 chemical components to aerosol extinction (AE), vertical distribution of aerosols, and source. From December 30, 2018 to January 27, 2019, we conducted MAX-DOAS observations on Sanmenxia. The proportion of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ was 69.48%–95.39%, indicating that the aerosol particles were mainly fine particles. By analyzing the ion data and modifying Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method, we found that nitrate was the largest contributor to AE, accounting for 31.51%, 28.98%, and 27.95% of AE on heavily polluted, polluted, and clean days, respectively. NH₄⁺, OC, and SO₄^2? were also major contributors to AE. The near-surface aerosol extinction retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurement the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations measured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) have the same trend in vertical distribution. AE increased about 3 times from surface to 500 m. With the backward trajectory of the air mass during the haze, we also found that the continuous heavy pollution was mainly caused by transport of polluted air from the northeast, then followed by local industrial emissions and other sources of emissions under continuous and steady weather conditions.