社会可接受的地震人员死亡率研究

确定最佳或最合理的设防标准时,应在保证地震安全和谋求最佳经济效益二者之间进行权衡、既要保证地震人员伤亡降低一个社会可接受的水平之下,又要使所获得的经济效益最大。本文根据我国几次大地震的资料,建立了地震人员死亡率与房屋倒塌率之间的经验关系。在分析设防后地震人员伤亡水平与其它灾害和事故造成的人员伤亡水平的基础上,对确定社会可接受的地震人员死亡率作了探讨。     

遗传算法在多目标土地利用规划中的应用

在建立和求解多目标土地利用规划模型过程中，采用遗传算法并结合多目标模糊优选理论处理多目标土地利用结构优化问题。其详细步骤为：在分析区域特征基础上构建时间序列；通过现状分析设置土地利用类型决策变量、确定优化目标和约束条件。构建土地利用结构多目标优化模型；用灰色GM（1，1）预测模型对土地利用结构优化多目标模型参数进行预测；用遗传算法多目标优化方法对土地利用结构优化模型求解得pareto解集；最后运用多目标模糊动态优选方法对规划期内各时间段的pareto解集进行模糊动态优选，以最大优属度判定原则确定出最优决策序列。自贡实例表明，该方法有助于解决多目标协调问题，通过遗传算法避免了人为偏好权重的主观性，并通过提供多方案选择性，从而使规划更具灵活性，同时又便于充分吸纳公众参与，减少规划中的不确定性，增加规划的科学性、现实性和可操作性。     

An investigation of a heat pump system using CO2/propane mixture as a working fluid

In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO₂ or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO₂, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO₂, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO₂ and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO₂ with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO₂. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO₂/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO₂ can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO₂-based mixture.     

中国适度人口研究的回顾与再认识

本文从可持续发展理论出发 ,对适度人口理论的演变历程进行了回顾 ,分析了中国适度人口研究中存在的问题 ,提出了中国适度人口研究的未来。     

Excel在排放口最优规划中的应用

鉴于电子表格软件Excel提供的“规划求解”(Solver)加载宏可以求解线性、非线性以及混合整数规划等单目标优化的问题的特点,文章开发了排放口最优规划问题求解的应用程序(DPOPMS)。程序包括了多河段BOD-DO耦合矩阵模型的计算、电子表格模型的自动创建、调用“规划求解”加载宏进行规划求解以及规划求解结果的输出等主要功能模块,并将程序应用于汾河太原城区段的污染控制规划,所得的规划结果与实际情况较为吻合。运用该程序进行排放口最优规划,避免了复杂的模型求解过程的算法程序编制,实现较为方便。     

Logistic和Gompertz曲线及其最优组合模型在沉降预测中的运用

堆载预压法处理的软土地基沉降变化规律与Logistic和Gompertz曲线的变化规律极为相似,有着明显的出生、成长和成熟的过程。通过对Logistic和Gompertz曲线参数的合理取值,能够较好地拟合S—t曲线,预估最终沉降量。同时,以平均绝对百分误差最小为目标,建立了组合预测模型,拟合结果显示,该组合模型对于S—t曲线的拟合,比Logistic和Gompertz曲线更具优越性。     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

Di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid-coconut oil supported liquid membrane for the separation of copper ions from copper plating wastewater

Permeation of Cu(II) from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu(II), pH (in feed), H2SO4 (stripping) and D2EHPA (in membrane) concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconutoil has also been evaluated. High Cu(II) concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10-9 to 8.9 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s) within the Cu(II) concentration range 7.8×10-4-78.6×10-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10-9 mol/(m2·s). The optimum conditions for Cu(II) transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10-4 mol/L D2EHPA (membrane) in 0.5 (m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. It has been observed that Cu(II) flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu(II). rane. It     

略论大气污染物总量控制方法

本文阐述了大气污染物总量控制的基本方法,内容包括:排放源数据,计算网络划分,污染源在网格中的安放,大气污染总量控制设计条件和方法,总量控制模型,计算参数选择,采样时间和衰减修正,模式的校准。最后介绍了总量控制优化模型。     

城市土地资源分类评价及其与土地优化配置的关系

对城市土地质量分类型评价,迄今研究甚少。本文较系统地探讨了城市土地资源分类评价的理论、类别选择、因素与因子体系建立、评价基本方法和模型。从椒江等城市的实践看,土地分类评价更能为资源优化配置提供决策依据。