有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长合成中链脂肪酸研究进展

有机废物产量巨大,具备较高的资源化利用潜力。以有机废物厌氧发酵液为底物,通过链延长工艺生产中链脂肪酸,可有效提升产物的经济价值,因而是一种极具潜力的有机废物资源化方法。梳理了有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长的机理以及影响因素,分析了不同有机废物在厌氧发酵链延长中的作用,并提出了今后研究的方向。学术界已获得的研究结果表明,以混合有机废物作为底物进行厌氧发酵,可以实现氮源和碳源的相互补充,其获得的发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度更高,这对后续的链延长产中链脂肪酸具有良好的促进作用。     

南水北调中线清河溶解性有机物的光降解行为

溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)在水环境中普遍存在,其光降解行为与种类和来源密切相关。近年来,南水北调中线工程沿线中DOM含量过高问题逐渐引起了人们对饮用水水源水质的关注。利用三维荧光光谱与紫外可见吸收光谱表征了清河段DOM在水(Water DOM, W-DOM)、底泥(sediment-derived DOM, S-DOM)、藻胞内(intracellular DOM, I-DOM)和胞外(extracellular DOM, E-DOM)这4种典型来源中的光学性质和光降解行为。结果表明,W-DOM的主要来源是藻类代谢产生的E-DOM;S-DOM的主要形成原因是藻细胞破裂释放I-DOM。DOM的光漂白主要发生在紫外区,且UV-B波段的光漂白效率大于UV-A波段。W-DOM、S-DOM和E-DOM中有色DOM(chromophoric DOM, CDOM)的降解率基本相同,为40%~50%;I-DOM中CDOM降解率相对较低,约为25%。光照可以将W-DOM、S-DOM和E-DOM中复杂的大分子物质分解成结构简单的小分子物质。CDOM中类腐殖质的光降解率比类蛋白质更高,W-DOM、S-DOM和E-DOM中CDOM与类腐殖质的光降解速率在相同时间下基本保持一致;S-DOM和E-DOM中CDOM与类蛋白质的光降解速率在相同时间下基本保持一致。以上结果反映了太阳辐射对水环境中DOM的转化和去除机理,为河流水质保护提供了理论依据。     

义乌市分质供水系统水质变化分析

为探究义乌市分质供水系统中水质及有机物的变化特征,分季度调研了3个水厂沿程水质的变化,并采用光谱技术与高分辨率质谱分析了处理工艺对溶解性有机质的去除效果。水质调研结果表明,传统工艺(混凝沉淀-砂滤)对总磷和氨氮的去除率分别达到80%与50%以上,但对水体中的总氮与总溶解性有机碳的去除效果差。双膜法(超滤-反渗透)全面优于传统工艺,可以将营养盐和有机物的浓度降至极低的水平(去除率>90%)。三维荧光结合平行因子分析结果表明,混凝沉淀仅对地表水中陆源腐殖质组分有明显的去除,对类蛋白质组分的去除效果较差。高分辨率质谱的检测结果表明,混凝对木质素、单宁及稠环芳烃等物质有较好的去除效果。在混凝前增设曝气生物滤池并在混凝过程中添加粉末活性炭,能强化工艺对类蛋白质组分和腐殖质组分的去除效果。本研究结果可为水处理工艺优化提供理论依据。     

有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究

由于符合持续发展的理念 ,利用微生物技术处理有机固体废物越来越受到人们的重视 ,其核心问题则是木质纤维素的生物降解。随着园林废物等高木质纤维素含量的城市生活垃圾的不断增加 ,以及对农业固体废物和食品工业废物再利用的需要 ,这一领域的研究取得了很大的进展。在研究中 ,针对好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵 2项主要的微生物处理技术 ,对其优势微生物菌群、不同降解底物和微生物降解动力学方面的最新研究进展进行了回顾和总结 ,并对环境微生物制剂的应用以及有机固体废物的微生物处理技术的发展做了合理的展望。     

有机固体废弃物热解生产脱水内醚糖的研究

以有机固体废弃物 (废棉絮、废纸 )为原料 ,在管式炉热解反应器热解生产脱水内醚糖。研究了热解温度对热解产物相态分布的影响。同时 ,利用HPLC对脱水内醚糖的产量进行了测定。HPLC分析结果表明 :热解液水相中主要化学物质是乙酸 ,而非水相中主要化学物质是脱水内醚糖     

Kosetice, Czech Republic--ten years of air pollution monitoring and four years of evaluating the origin of persistent organic pollutants

The regional observatory Kosetice is a central European background station. Unique continuous monitoring from 1988 on is held here. POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentration values of air samples from Kosetice taken between 1996 and 2005 were statistically processed. Values of Czech ambient air quality standards were not exceeded. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reached two maxima, in 1996 and 2001-2002. Polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations reached the highest values in 1997 and 1998 and hexachlorocyclohexanes concentrations in 1998. DDTs, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene were analysed as well. Long-range transport of pollutants between 2002 and 2005 was evaluated using the Potential Source Contribution Function hybrid receptor model. Indicated potential source areas of PCBs coincide with many well-known urban and industrialised areas, while the indicated potential source areas of HCHs and DDTs coincide with many agricultural and/or forested regions and the potential source areas of HCB comprise all land use types.     

DOC removal paradigms in highly humic aquatic ecosystems

Background, aim, and scope  Dissolved humic substances (HS) usually comprise 50–80% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. From a trophic and biogeochemical perspective, HS has been considered to be highly refractory and is supposed to accumulate in the water. The upsurge of the microbial loop paradigm and the studies on HS photo-degradation into labile DOC gave rise to the belief that microbial processing of DOC should sustain aquatic food webs in humic waters. However, this has not been extensively supported by the literature, since most HS and their photo-products are often oxidized by microbes through respiration in most nutrient-poor humic waters. Here, we review basic concepts, classical studies, and recent data on bacterial and photo-degradation of DOC, comparing the rates of these processes in highly humic ecosystems and other aquatic ecosystems. Materials and methods  We based our review on classical and recent findings from the fields of biogeochemistry and microbial ecology, highlighting some odd results from highly humic Brazilian tropical lagoons, which can reach up to 160 mg C L⁻¹. Results and discussion  Highly humic tropical lagoons showed proportionally lower bacterial production rates and higher bacterial respiration rates (i.e., lower bacterial growth efficiency) than other lakes. Zooplankton showed similar δ¹³C to microalgae but not to humic DOC in these highly humic lagoons. Thus, the data reviewed here do not support the microbial loop as an efficient matter transfer pathway in highly humic ecosystems, where it is supposed to play its major role. In addition, we found that some tropical humic ecosystems presented the highest potential DOC photo-chemical mineralization (PM) rates reported in the literature, exceeding up to threefold the rates reported for temperate humic ecosystems. We propose that these atypically high PM rates are the result of a joint effect of the seasonal dynamics of allochthonous humic DOC input to these ecosystems and the high sunlight incidence throughout the year. The sunlight action on DOC is positive to microbial consumption in these highly humic lagoons, but little support is given to the enhancement of bacterial growth efficiency, since the labile photo-chemical products are mostly respired by microbes in the nutrient-poor humic waters. Conclusions  HS may be an important source of energy for aquatic bacteria in humic waters, but it is probably not as important as a substrate to bacterial growth and to aquatic food webs, since HS consumption is mostly channeled through microbial respiration. This especially seems to be the case of humic-rich, nutrient-poor ecosystems, where the microbial loop was supposed to play its major role. Highly humic ecosystems also present the highest PM rates reported in the literature. Finally, light and bacteria can cooperate in order to enhance total carbon degradation in highly humic aquatic ecosystems but with limited effects on aquatic food webs. Recommendations and perspectives  More detailed studies using C- and N-stable isotope techniques and modeling approaches are needed to better understand the actual importance of HS to carbon cycling in highly humic waters.     

游离态氨基酸对羊角月牙藻的生物有效性

采用实验室模拟培养试验,以6种个体氨基酸——丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸为唯一氮源,采用一次性培养的方法,在无菌条件下,研究羊角月牙藻对不同种类个体氨基酸和不同浓度混合氨基酸的利用潜能。结果表明:藻细胞在生长过程中会释放氨基酸增加水体中氨基酸浓度,同时,藻类可迅速并直接利用多种游离态氨基酸快速生长。氨基酸浓度在培养周期的前2天减少90%以上,藻细胞数在第6~8天达到最大,说明藻细胞的生长滞后于游离氨基酸浓度的下降;在个体氨基酸试验中,藻细胞对氨基酸的利用程度为精氨酸>丙氨酸>谷氨酸>天门冬氨酸>丝氨酸>甘氨酸;在混合氨基酸试验中,藻细胞的比增殖速率明显高于个体氨基酸试验组,且随混合氨基酸浓度的增加,最大藻细胞生物量增加;羊角月牙藻在利用个体氨基酸的同时也会释放其他种类的氨基酸,其中,天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的释放浓度最大。羊角月牙藻在无机氮缺乏情况下,能迅速利用氨基酸。     

产酸内生菌荧光假单胞菌R1对东南景天生长和吸收、积累土壤中重金属锌镉的影响

研究了从东南景天（Sedum alfredii）的根系分离和纯化的内生菌荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）R1（菌株R1）在溶解氧化锌（ZnO）和氧化镉（CdO）过程中的生长代谢特征,分析了代谢产物中有机酸的组成及含量;通过盆栽实验,进一步探讨了土壤接种菌株R1对东南景天的生长、吸收和积累锌、镉的影响。结果发现,菌株R1在生长代谢过程中分泌苹果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、草酸等有机酸是导致ZnO和CdO溶解的主要原因,且反应体系中增加ZnO和CdO能够提高有机酸的分泌量,加速ZnO和CdO的溶解。菌株R1接种到未灭菌或灭菌的锌、镉污染土壤中均能在一定程度上促进东南景天的生长和吸收Zn、Cd。在未灭菌ZnO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Zn积累量分别增加了15.56%、9.74%和29.84%;在灭菌ZnO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天地上部的干物质质量和Zn积累量分别增加9.56%和8.97%。在未灭菌CdO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Cd积累量分别增加30.30%、6.15%和27.21%;在灭菌CdO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Cd积累量分别增加5.08%、8.82%和26.14%。     

再生水臭氧氧化处理工艺对水质生物稳定性的影响

为了保障再生水水质生物稳定性,控制再生水在储存、输配和利用过程中微生物生长,对再生水臭氧氧化处理工艺水质生物稳定性进行了研究。研究发现,臭氧氧化对再生水厂二级出水的溶解性有机碳（DOC）去除效果有限,对UV254和荧光强度有较好的去除效果,但可导致水样AOC水平升高,水质生物稳定性降低。分析臭氧氧化后不同有机物组分的变化情况,发现臭氧氧化对分子量为0.5~20 kDa有机物有较好的去除效果,而分子量小于0.5 kDa有机物没有明显变化。