不同渗滤液循环方式对填埋层甲烷产生的影响

通过填埋模拟柱 ,实验室研究了以我国大城市生活垃圾组成为依据的新鲜垃圾填埋层在不同渗滤液循环方式条件下甲烷产生的规律 .渗滤液循环方式包括 :原液循环、好氧预处理 (SBR)后循环、与陈垃圾出水混合后循环 .结果表明 :新鲜垃圾填埋层初期渗滤液COD、VFA浓度高 ,原液循环导致有机酸的积累 ,抑制了甲烷化进程 ;初期渗滤液经预处理控制一定COD、VFA浓度后循环 ,能够显著地缩短产甲烷滞后时间、加速甲烷化进程 ;当填埋层进入稳定的甲烷化阶段后 ,渗滤液循环才能有效地降解渗滤液中的有机污染 ,近 10 0 %地转化为填埋气体.     

小分子有机酸对蛇纹岩发育土壤Ni、Co的活化影响

研究了不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸对蛇纹岩发育土壤镍(Ni)、钴(Co)的活化效果.结果表明,在较低浓度(<10mmol/L)时,3种有机酸对土壤中的Ni、Co活化效果均较差.柠檬酸对元江、墨江土壤Ni的最大活化比例分别为9.1%、12.9%,远大于其他2种有机酸(P<0.05).各有机酸活化能力的大小为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸,同时Ni、Co活化量之间存在一定的相关性.基于结合率与Ni、Co活化量的考虑,在蛇纹岩发育土壤的化学修复或螯合诱导植物修复中,10～30mmol/L的有机酸是较为适合的浓度.草酸在50mmol/L时,对Ni、Co的活化效果有所降低.     

土壤与沉积物中水溶性有机物释放动力学研究

模拟研究了沉积物与草甸沼泽土中水溶性天然有机物从固相向水相释放的动力学过程，探讨了流速、温度和ｐＨ条件对土壤物中水溶性有机物释放速度的影响。研究结果表明，上述过程可以用滞膜模型（单膜）加以描述，释放为典型的一级动力学过程，且草甸沼泽土中水溶性有机物的释放较沉积物快。     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.     

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the bindinginteraction between organic acid and human serum albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a plasma protein responsible for the binding and transport of fatty acids and a variety of exogenous chemicals such as drugs and environmental pollutants. Such binding plays a crucial role in determining the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and bioavailability of the pollutants. We report investigation on the binding interaction between HSA and acetic acid (C2), octanoic acid (C8) and dodecanoic acid (C12) by the combination of site-specific fluorescent probe, tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence and tyrosine electrochemistry. Two fluorescent probes, dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline, were employed in the displacement measurement to study fatty acid interaction with the two drug-binding sites on HSA. Intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in HSA was monitored upon addition of the fatty acids into HSA. Electrocatalyzed response of the tyrosine residues in HSA by a redox mediator was used to investigate the binding interaction. Qualitatively, observations made by the three approaches are very similar. HSA did not show any change in either fluorescence or electrochemistry after mixing with C2, suggesting there is no significant interaction with the short-chain fatty acid. For C8, the measured signal dropped in a single-exponential fashion, indicative of independent and non-cooperative binding. The calculated association constant and binding ratio is 3.1×106 L/mol and 1 with drug binding Site I, 1.1×107 L/mol and 1 with Site II, and 7.0×104 L/mol and 4 with the tryptophan site. The measurement with C12 displayed multiple phases of fluorescence change, suggesting cooperativity and allosteric effect of C12 binding. These results correlate well with those obtained by the established methods, and validate the new approach as a viable tool to study the interactions of environmental pollutants with biological molecules.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles bythermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk oforganic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric materialwhose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td-GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) tocharacterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou.n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids,nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units inmacromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption productsand pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainlydetermined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formationprocess maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban andforest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

包埋类脂的吸附剂制备及吸附POPs性能

用丙酮作溶剂将三油酸甘油酯分散到醋酸纤维(CA)基体中,采用悬浮聚合的方法制备出了一种兼具亲水性,又能高倍富集持久性有机污染物的球形复合吸附剂。通过对分散剂的种类及其用量、悬浮介质的种类及其用量的研究,获得了球形复合吸附剂的最佳合成路线与工艺.球形吸附剂粒径为1～2mm。通过荧光分析和电镜扫描分析,表明三油酸甘油酯已被包埋到醋酸纤维基体中,并得到了均匀分散。采用七氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵为代表性的持久性有机污染物(POPs)。动力学吸附实验表明,当初始浓度为1μg/L时,在快速吸附阶段,溶液中80%的氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂可得到有效去除,但并没有达到吸附平衡。快速吸附完后,还在持续地进行慢速吸附。而对于灭蚁灵,吸附速度远远低于其他几种POPs。实验证明了吸附速度不仅与辛醇/水系数有关,而且还与有机污染物的分子结构有关。     

有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究

基于微生物检测毒害物质的重要性和选材困难对其检测技术发展的制约,开展了有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究。试验使用便携式红外测温仪测试一定量藻液中分别加入不同种有机药剂前后的温度变化。结果表明,8种藻对10种有机毒害物毒性可产生红外辐射变化的快速响应,平均最大温差的平均值为0.15℃,平均响应时间为4.4min;羊角月牙藻最大响应温差为0.27℃,响应相对明显,为8种藻中的毒性响应敏感藻。不同浓度有机药剂分别与敏感藻进行试验,明确敏感藻可检测出的最低药剂浓度,结果表明:同类毒害物质的响应灵敏度与发光细菌相同。     

SBBR技术处理有机农药废水的试验研究

选用盾形填料,利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)对有机农药废水进行试验研究,最终将工艺参数确定为:厌氧2.0h,好氧曝气4.0h,曝气量为0.12～0.15m3/h,DO为4.9～7.5mg/L,pH值为7.0～8.0。处理效果为:COD、BOD5、TP的平均去除率分别达到85%、90%、93%,出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。