Enrichment of thermophilic and mesophilic microbial consortia for efficient degradation of corn stalk

Six different environmental samples were applied to enrich microbial consortia for efficient degradation of corn stalk,under the thermophilic and mesophilic conditions.The consortium obtained from anaerobic digested sludge under thermophilic condition(TC-Y)had the highest lignocellulose-degrading activity.The CO_2yield was 246.73 m L/g VS in23 days,meanwhile,the maximum CO_2production rate was 15.48 mL/(CO_2·d),which was28.75%and 52.27%higher than that under mesophilic condition,respectively.The peak value of cellulase activity reached 0.105 U/mL,which was at least 34.61%higher than the other groups.In addition,49.5%of corn stalk was degraded in 20 days,moreover,the degradation ratio of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin can reach 52.76%,62.45%and42.23%,respectively.Microbial consortium structure analysis indicated that the TC-Y contained the phylum of Gemmatimonadetes,Acidobacteria,Chloroflexi,Planctomycetes,Firmicutes,and Proteobacteria.Furthermore,the Pseudoxanthomonas belonging to GammaProteobacteria might be the key bacterial group for the lignocellulose degradation.These results indicated the capability of degrading un-pretreated corn stalk and the potential for further investigation and application of TC-Y.     

城市交通安全风险文化系统三维结构体系构建

为提高道路交通安全文化建设主体的广泛性、主动性、积极性,增强交通安全文化的社会凝聚、激励等功能,探讨构建一种新型的城市道路交通安全风险文化模式。应用道路交通安全风险理论、安全心理学理论、行为理论、系统分析理论与方法,研究城市道路交通安全风险文化的定义、系统模型及系统的逻辑关系、运行机制、承载和作用形式等内容。结果表明:从道路交通安全风险控制与应对的角度考虑,可以建立包括逻辑维度、运行机制维度、承载作用形式维度的城市交通安全风险文化系统三维结构体系。城市交通安全风险文化具有多层次、多层面、多维度复杂的主体结构,是多元素组成的复杂系统。     

云南省公路水毁时空分布宏观约束机制

运用实地调查方法和统计分析方法研究不同影响因子对云南公路水毁时空分布规律的宏观控制机理。研究表明,月降雨量和强降雨日的月分布概率是云南公路水毁时间分布的主控因子,地形地貌、水系、植被盖度、多尺度构造、地层岩性和新构造应力场使云南公路水毁广泛分布但又相对集中,中(间)尺度天气系统才是约束云南公路水毁空间分布的主要天气系统。     

一种求解地下结构顶板频率和振型的方法

采用欧拉梁横向自由振动理论,发展了一种求解浅埋地下结构顶板频率和振型的方法.鉴于地下结构顶板频率求解问题的复杂性,首先将该问题假定为平面应变问题求解,推导出浅埋地下结构顶板梁的自由振动方程;然后根据顶板梁的边界条件,得到了顶板梁的频率方程,从而得出了顶板梁的频率和振型;进一步得出了墙体转动刚度对顶板频率影响的规律,即转...     

Complex dynamics of the population with a simple age structure

The effects of the following modes of density-dependent control of population growth: density-dependent birth rate, adult survival rate, juvenile survival rate are compared based on the mathematical model of population dynamics. It is shown that the most efficient mechanisms limiting population size are decreasing with the growth of the adult population birth rate and/or the decreasing survival rate of the offspring with the increase in their number. However, these same mechanisms are responsible for oscillations of the population size and its chaotic change. The density-dependence of the adult survival rate is not efficient in constraining the population growth, but it can substantially limit the magnitude of oscillations of the population size.     

On the importance of life history and age structure in biological invasions

The age specific patterns of reproduction and mortality dictated by the life history of an organism apply to potential invaders as well as resident species of an area, but whether certain life history traits are more invasive than others is an unresolved issue. We analyze a two-population system of an invading and a resident species and test the effects of age on the probability to invade when the organisms are iteroparous or semelparous. The life history characteristics of the populations are projected in Leslie matrices, and the probability that the invader exceeds different population sizes is calculated by Monte Carlo analysis. The simulations show that (a) the invasion probability of an iteroparous organism increases with age until the individuals introduced are mature for first reproduction, and then becomes independent of age; (b) the invasion probability is more age sensitive for iteroparous organisms with high juvenile mortality (Type III organisms) than for those with a lower (Type I); (c) invading semelparous organisms are most affected by competition from resident organisms; (d) variations in vital rates of semelparous residents have greater influence on the invasion probability of an iteroparous organism than variations in traits of the invader.     

Disentangling the effects of heterogeneity, stochastic dynamics and sampling in a community of aquatic insects

A dynamic and heterogeneous species abundance model generating the lognormal species abundance distribution is fitted to time series of species data from an assemblage of stoneflies and mayflies (Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera) of an aquatic insect community collected over a period of 15 years. In each year except one, we analyze 5 parallel samples taken at the same time of the season giving information about the over-dispersion in the sampling relative to the Poisson distribution. Results are derived from a correlation analysis, where the correlation in the bivariate normal distribution of log abundance is used as measurement of similarity between communities. The analysis enables decomposition of the variance of the lognormal species abundance distribution into three components due to heterogeneity among species, stochastic dynamics driven by environmental noise, and over-dispersion in sampling, accounting for 62.9, 30.6 and 6.5% of the total variance, respectively. Corrected for sampling the heterogeneity and stochastic components accordingly account for 67.3 and 32.7% of the among species variance in log abundance. By using this method, it is possible to disentangle the effect of heterogeneity and stochastic dynamics by quantifying these components and correctly remove sampling effects on the observed species abundance distribution.     

建三江城区用地评价与绿地生态系统分析

根据现状基础数据,以及城市发展对土地利用的需要,对建三江城区绿地和土地利用状进行了分析与评价。通过对现有林地、水系生态要素的有机组织和改造,确定了建三江城区绿地生态系统用地规划目标和绿地生态系统布局,＂一廊、两环、三楔、多点、网络＂,为北方寒地城市建三江城区的生态宜居城市建设提出了建议。     

Observer reactions to interpersonal injustice: The roles of perpetrator intent and victim perception

The present research contributes to a growing literature on observer reactions to injustice experienced by others. In particular, we separated two variables that have previously been confounded in prior research, namely perpetrator intent to cause harm and victim perception of harm. We expected that injustice intent and injustice perceptions would have both unique and joint effects on observer reactions. The results of three experiments in which we manipulated perpetrator injustice intent and victim injustice perceptions supported our predictions. First, we found that observers had more negative reactions toward superiors who intended to inflict high versus low levels of interpersonal injustice toward a subordinate. Second, the injustice intent of the superior influenced observers' reactions more than did victim perceptions of injustice. Third, most novel, we found that the mere intent to cause injustice generated negative reactions in observers, even in the absence of a “true” victim—that is, when the subordinate perceptions of injustice were low. Together, our results emphasize the importance of examining observers' reactions to injustice and incorporating perpetrator intentions into the study of organizational justice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.