Effect of concentration and ignition position on vented methane–air explosions

Experiments were conducted in a 1 m³ vessel with a top vent to investigate the effect of methane concentration and ignition position on pressure buildup and flame behavior. Three pressure peaks (p₁, p₂, and P_ext) and two types of pressure oscillations (Helmholtz and acoustic oscillations) were observed. The rupture of vent cover results in p₁ that is insensitive to methane concentration and ignition position. Owing to the interaction between acoustic wave and the flame, p₂ forms in the central and top ignition explosions when the methane–air mixture is near–stoichiometric. When the methane–air mixture is centrally ignited, p₂ first increases and then decreases with an increase in the methane concentration. The external explosion-induced P_ext is observed only in the bottom ignition explosions with an amplitude of several kilopascals. Under the current experimental conditions, flame–acoustic interaction leads to the most serious explosions in central ignition tests. Methane concentration and ignition position have little effect on the frequency of Helmholtz and acoustic oscillations; however, the Helmholtz oscillation lasts longer and first decreases and then increases as the methane concentration increases for top ignition cases. The ignition position significantly affects the Taylor instability of the flame front resulting from the Helmholtz oscillation.     

高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国596个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析、相关分析等方法对青藏高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水和大气环流的关系进行了分析,结果表明：青藏高原夏季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡以40～60 d周期为主;该季节内振荡在高原西风异常年份表现出异常的传播特征;且高原西风增强年份,我国30°N~40°N范围内的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为同位相,30°N以南地区的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为反位相,东北地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相;高原西风减弱年份,江淮以北的我国北方大部分地区低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎同位相,江淮地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相。低频降水与低频环流有较好的配置关系     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

Influence of trunk muscle activity and stability in front and back holding

Purpose. A tandem carrying style is often used in the workplace, but carrying approaches are different for two people because of the holding load in the tandem posture. To understand these carrying styles, this study aimed to investigate the patterns of muscle activity and stability of the trunk influenced by front and back holding of a heavy load. Methods. Electromyography data of eight trunk and two hip muscles, as well as displacements of the trunk, were recorded for analysis while subjects stood statically holding a handle in the front and back of the body with and without load. Results. Without load, muscle activities during front holding mirrored those during back holding. With load, greater muscle activities were observed in the dorsal muscles of the trunk and lesser activities were noted in the ventral muscles in the two holding styles. More frequencies of trunk oscillations occurred in front holding with and without load. Conclusions. The results revealed that back holding of load created more stability of the upper body, whereas front holding resulted in more instability of the trunk.     

T型管道不同封闭状态瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特征

为了研究分岔管道不同封闭状态下瓦斯爆燃火焰阵面传播规律,在自制的T型透明分岔管道内,设置支管端口完全封闭、直管左端口弱封闭,采用光电传感器和压力传感器测试了直管右端弱封闭、完全封闭2种情况下,预混甲烷-空气可燃气体爆燃火焰传播过程中速度、超压参数的变化情况。结果表明:由于分岔的存在,2种封闭状态在支管端点火后瓦斯爆燃火焰阵面在支管中的传播速度均先增大后减小;直管右端弱封闭时,经过分岔后火焰加速向直管两端传播速度基本一致,分别达到86.29 m/s和88.07 m/s;直管右端完全封闭时,火焰向弱封闭端传播速度增大至166.67 m/s,火焰向完全封闭端传播时并不断压缩未燃气体产生高压振荡反馈导致火焰振荡传播现象,火焰速度不断减小至4.84 m/s;管道内瓦斯爆燃超压均迅速上升到达峰值,之后受压缩气体的膨胀和冲击后爆燃产物的振荡作用迅速下降。     

采用功率谱方法提取地球自由振荡信息

利用中国数字地震台网的三个台站所记录到的2011年日本里氏9.0级地震的地震数据,在没有进行去固体潮的前提下进行功率谱分析,获得了地球球型自由振荡振型,通过与PREM模型相对比,发现所提取的94个振型,包括76个基频振型（0S0,2S0～0S76）和18个谐频振型,与理论值的误差很小,所有数据的平均偏差为0.14%。文中发现该地震激发的0S2,0S3,0S4和1S2自由振荡振型有明显的频谱分裂现象。     

硝酸根电化学还原去除过程阴极电位振荡研究

硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程中存在多价态变化行为,该过程是一个典型的远离平衡态的非线性体系.为探明硝酸根在去除过程中发生的电化学行为,研究了H₂SO₄浓度、电流、反应温度及NO₃^-浓度对阴极电位振荡的影响规律.采用循环伏安法、XRD、SEM-EDS及XPS表征方法,分析了反应体系循环伏安特性,以及反应前后阴极Cu表面的物相组成、微观形貌、表面电子价态等变化规律.研究结果表明,在恒流条件下(Pt作为阳极、Cu作为阴极),H₂SO₄-NaNO₃体系发生了明显的电位振荡;当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L,电流为12mA,温度为20℃,NaNO₃浓度为0.20mol/L最佳电位振荡条件下,振荡平均振幅为1.15V,振荡平均周期为3s.另外,硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程产生的周期性电位振荡主要原因是阴极Cu表面生成的致密CuO薄膜不断溶解和形成,以及阴极表面H₂的周期性产生与消失.     

碰撞剪切流动中波速对自激振荡射流频率的影响

在许多工程应用中都需了解流体的自激振荡特性 ,而其振荡频率与压力波传播速度密切相关。笔者从理论上分析了自激振荡射流中碰撞剪切流动压力扰动波的传播速度及其对射流振荡频率的影响规律 ,结果表明 :波速随着流体中气体含量的增加而急剧减小 ,随压力的增大而增大。波速减小使得射流的振荡频率也减小 ,实验结果与理论分析一致     

昆仑山口西地震激发的地球环型振荡

利用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)改造后的7个台站3天的VHE、VHN波形资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,提取了2001-11-14昆仑山口西地震激发的0T2～0T40地球环型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡周期进行对比,发现环型振荡振型周期与PREM预测的环型自由振荡周期符合得很好。频率与PREM模型略微不一致的环型振荡振型可以解释为地球介质的横向不均匀性和各向异性所致。因此地球自由振荡信息可用于揭示地球的三维不均匀结构信息或各向异性信息,并可能对区分地幔对流模式(全地幔对流或上地幔对流)有所帮助。     

手持式气体采集器在环境监测中的应用

气体样品的采集在环境监测领域是十分重要的,传统的气体样品采集不仅采样时间长、劳动强度大、采样半径小而且平行样精密度差,增加环境监测气体采集的工作难度。手持式气体采集器则在传统气体采集器的基础上,解决了传统气体采集繁琐、计量不准等诸多问题．为快速、准确地获得监测数据提供了坚实的基础。