杭州高速公路交通事故流行病学特点分析

目的:研究杭州高速公路交通事故的流行病学特点。方法:收集了2003—2006年杭州高速公路交通事故资料并对其进行流行病学分析。结果:①2003—2006年期间,发生交通事故8906起,涉及车辆12692辆,死亡115人,受伤1976人,造成直接经济损失1.15亿元;②交通事故以10月和1月发生最多,每周事故数呈逐渐上升趋势,9:00—11:00点和14:00—16:00点为事故的高发时段;③因驾驶员造成的交通事故超过事故总数的90%,主要原因为未保持安全的纵向距离和操作不当;车辆原因主要为爆胎和制动问题、天气及照明对事故有一定影响;④在高速公路交通事故中,乘客与驾驶员受到的危害程度相同。结论:研究高速公路交通事故的流行病学特点将有利于采取科学的措施减小高速公路交通事故给社会带来的危害。     

慢性铝暴露致大鼠骨与软骨损伤胶原途径的动态分析

为了探讨慢性铝暴露致大鼠骨与软骨损伤胶原途径的机制及胶原代谢水平,实验将100只4周龄清洁级Wistar大鼠随机均分成染铝组(430mg·L-1Al3+)与对照组(蒸馏水),通过饮水染铝,每隔30d处死染铝大鼠和对照大鼠各10只,设立5个观测点,最长染铝时间为150d.同时,用电子秤每30d称大鼠体重1次;用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定血清、骨与软骨中铝含量;用固相夹心ELISA法检测血清中Ⅰ型前胶原羧基末端前肽(PICP)、Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅰ)、Ⅱ型胶原(collagenⅡ)和Ⅱ型胶原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)含量.结果表明,大鼠铝中毒模型复制成功;随着铝暴露时间的延长,染铝组大鼠体重在染铝60d后显著低于对照组(p0.01);染铝组血清、骨与软骨中铝含量逐渐升高,显著高于对照组(p0.01);PICP、Ⅱ型胶原合成量呈逐渐下降趋势,且显著低于对照组(p0.05,p0.01);CTX-Ⅰ和CTX-Ⅱ含量持续维持在高水平,分别在铝暴露90d、60d后显著高于对照组(p0.01).说明长时间铝暴露可致铝在骨与软骨中蓄积,并使骨与软骨中结构性胶原减少,引发骨与软骨损伤.     

Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management

Introduction

This study tests a conceptual model that focuses on social exchange in the context of safety management. The model hypothesizes that supportive safety policies and programs should impact both safety climate and organizational commitment. Further, perceived organizational support is predicted to partially mediate both of these relationships.

Methods

Study outcomes included traditional outcomes for both organizational commitment (e.g., withdrawal behaviors) as well as safety climate (e.g., self-reported work accidents). Questionnaire responses were obtained from 1,723 employees of a large national retailer.

Results

Using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, all of the model's hypothesized relationships were statistically significant and in the expected directions. The results are discussed in terms of social exchange in organizations and research on safety climate.

Impact on Industry

Maximizing safety is a social-technical enterprise. Expectations related to social exchange and reciprocity figure prominently in creating a positive climate for safety within the organization.     

Injury severity related to overturn characteristics of tractors

Introduction

Early studies of injuries associated with overturns indicate that more fatalities occurred when a tractor overturned beyond 90° (continuous roll) relative to the impact plane. Recently, the principle of preventing continuous rolls has re-emerged for the protection of riding lawnmower operators.

Method

Related to tractors, a population-based study was conducted that compared the severity of fatal and nonfatal injuries between a 90° and continuous roll for tractors equipped with rollover protective structures (ROPS) and not equipped with a ROPS (non- ROPS). In 2002, the Kentucky Farm Tractor Overturn Survey was administered to an 8% random sample (6,063) of Kentucky farm operators. The farmers responded to questions that differentiated between the types of overturns and operator injury outcomes for ROPS-equipped and non-ROPS tractors during overturn events. Overturn characteristics were collected that included 90° to the side, beyond 90° to the side, and to the rear for both ROPS-equipped and non-ROPS tractors.

Results

Of the 541 overturns reported in this study, 535 (99%) of the respondents reported the most recent overturn characteristics of the tractor: 92 (17%) were ROPS-equipped and 443 (83%) were non-ROPS. For side overturns, 67% of the rolls occurred with ROPS-equipped tractors, and 54% occurred with non-ROPS tractors. The percentages of deaths related to rolls to the side for ROPS-equipped and non-ROPS tractors were, respectively, 1.6% and 3.7%. There was one (2%) deaths related to 90° rolls for ROPS-equipped tractors, whereas for continuous rolls there were 6.4% fatalities related to side overturns, 13% resulted in non-fatal injuries with an average of 1 day of hospitalization for ROPS-equipped tractors, and 39% resulted in non-fatal injuries with an average of 18 days of hospitalization for non-ROPS tractors. The results from this study indicated that a ROPS was more effective at stopping an overturn at 90° than no ROPS, with an associated reduction in the severity of injury in the event of a tractor overturn.     

Suicide bombings: process of care of mass casualties in the developing world

In recent times Pakistan's biggest city, Karachi, has witnessed numerous terrorist attacks. The city does not have an emergency response system and only one of the three public sector hospitals has a trauma centre. We describe the pattern of injuries and management of two terror-related mass casualty incidents involving suicide bombers in a developing nation with limited resources. The first incident occurred in May 2002 with 36 casualties, of whom 13 (36%) died immediately and 11 (30.5%) died at the primary receiving hospitals. The second incident was targeted against the local population in May 2004. The blast resulted in 104 casualties, of which 14 (13.46%) died at the site. All patients had their initial assessment and treatment based on Advanced Trauma and Life Support principles and documented on a trauma form.     

Effects of lead exposure on redox status,DNA and histological structures in Venus verrucosa gills and digestive gland

ABSTRACT

Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that affect the physiological status of aquatic organisms. The present investigation evaluated the possible toxic effect of lead chloride (PbCl₂) on biomarkers responses, DNA damage and histological alterations in Venus verrucosa gills and digestive gland. Three concentrations of PbCl₂ (D1:1µgL^?1, D2: 10µgL^?1 and D3: 100µgL^?1) were chosen for V. verrucosa exposure during six days. At the end of the trial, it was found that Pb tended to accumulate in both gills and digestive gland in a dose-dependent manner. However, gill tissues exhibited the highest metal burden. Our results showed an increase of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls and advanced oxidation protein product levels in both organs following PbCl₂exposure. The induction of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems; as well as the decrease of the acetylcholinesterase activity and degradation of DNA structure was recorded in the gills and digestive gland. The histopathological alterations observed in gills (disruption of lamellas and cilia filaments?…) and digestive gland (lumens occlusion, necrosis and fibrosis) confirmed the aforementioned results. Our data highlighted the short-term toxicity effects of PbCl₂ on V. verrucosa and pointed out a high sensitivity of gills towards this metal.     

Epidemiology and patterns of facial fractures due to road traffic accidents in Taiwan: A 15-year retrospective study

Objective: The facial region is a commonly fractured site, but the etiology varies widely by country and geographic region. To date, there are no population-based studies of facial fractures in Taiwan.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with facial fracture and registered in the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan between 1997 and 2011. The epidemiological characteristics of this cohort were analyzed, including the etiology, fracture site, associated injuries, and sex and age distributions.

Results: A total of 6,013 cases were identified that involved facial fractures. Most patients were male (69.8%), aged 18–29 years (35.8%), and had fractures caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs; 55.2%), particularly motorcycle accidents (31.5%). Falls increased in frequency with advancing age, reaching 23.9% among the elderly (age > 65 years). The most common sites of involvement were the malar and maxillary bones (54.0%), but nasal bone fractures were more common among those younger than 18 years.

Conclusion: Most facial injuries in Taiwan occur in young males and typically result from RTAs, particularly involving motorcycles. However, with increasing age, there is an increase in the proportion of facial injuries due to falls.     

Analysis of fatalities and injuries involving mining equipment

INTRODUCTION: Despite significant reductions, the number of injuries and fatalities in mining remains high. A persistent area of concern continues to be equipment-related incidents. METHOD: Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and Current Population Survey (CPS) data were used to examine equipment-related injuries over the period 1995-2004. Incidents were reviewed to determine which types of mining equipment were most often involved and to identify and characterize trends. RESULTS: Non-powered hand tools was the equipment category most often involved with non-fatal injuries while off-road ore haulage was the most common source of fatalities. SUMMARY: Younger employees had an elevated risk of injury while workers >55 years had an elevated risk for fatality. A large majority of incidents involve workers with <5 years experience. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results should increase hazard awareness and enable mine management to select and prioritize problem areas and safety system weaknesses in both underground and surface mining.