煤与瓦斯突出冲击波及瓦斯气流所致伤害研究

为揭示煤与瓦斯突出过程中冲击波及瓦斯气流传播特性,针对这种突出做功随瓦斯压力、煤的普氏系数和煤的放散初速度变化的特征,运用气体动力学理论,建立冲击波超压、冲击瓦斯流速度与传播距离以及煤层瓦斯压力等参数的关系,计算不同超压下瓦斯气流传播伤害的范围。理论计算与现场测试结果表明,突出冲击波属惰性弱冲击波;波阵面上的超压传播伤害距离与突出时瓦斯膨胀的强度、巷道断面及巷道壁面的摩擦力和局部阻力等因素有关;冲击产生的高压瓦斯气流是造成巷道内大量人员窒息伤亡的主要诱因;突出能量瞬间释放没有补给,冲击波及瓦斯气流会在巷道阻力等因素作用下迅速衰减。     

瞬态径向热流法测定松散煤体变导热系数

松散煤体的导热系数是指在单位梯度作用下,松散煤体单位时间内通过单位面积的热量,表征了松散煤体导热性能的强弱,是研究煤自燃的重要参数。目前,使用最广泛的热线法,测试结果易受电阻升温变化影响。针对当前测试方法的不足,本文在二维径向导热模型的基础上,设计了瞬态径向热流法测定松散煤体变导热系数测试装置,并建立了相应的导热系数解算模型。通过测定不同煤样随温度变化的变导热系数。结果表明,随着温度的升高,松散煤体的导热系数不断上升,两者之间基本成线性关系,测试结果符合松散煤体的导热特性。     

煤矿生产系统干扰事件的离散小波变换检测

小波变换常用于数字信号传输的噪声检测与处理,为了检测煤矿生产系统中的突发事件,将其模拟为数字信号传输中的干扰,构建系统稳态方程和对应的扰动方程,根据离散小波变换原理,将煤矿生产系统中的监测数据分解为近似部分和细节部分,再进行离散变换。采用多尺度边缘检测法,由光滑后的一阶和二阶导数检测出信号的模极大值点即为瞬态突变点。将A矿记录到的瓦斯浓度监控数据进行可行性分析后,在MATLAB的wavelet工具中对该瓦斯浓度监控数据作离散小波变换,找到四个瓦斯浓度瞬态突变点,那么这四个时刻发生了煤与瓦斯突出事件。结果表明该方法简单、实用性强。据此从计算机实时监控和现场技术防突方面提出应对煤矿干扰事件的措施。     

渐变型多孔介质中低浓度瓦斯燃烧特性数值模拟

利用模拟软件Fluent6.3建立二维模型并进行合理设置,对多孔介质中的煤矿低浓度瓦斯燃烧进行数值模拟,研究了均匀型和渐变型燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况,以及三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况。结果表明,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的温度分布比均匀型燃烧器更加均匀;同一瓦斯当量比和流速下,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的NOx产生量比均匀型燃烧器低很多,有利于减少污染物排放;三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合的温度分布和NOx生成有着不同特点,燃烧器设计时,可根据不同需求选取不同组合形式,综合考虑各因素,组合一燃烧特性最佳。     

中国煤矿员工文化程度及对安全的影响分析

我国煤矿员工文化程度低一直被看作是煤炭企业的安全生产的重要制约因素之一,而把事故归咎于矿工的文化水平也引起了广泛争议。本文通过广泛收集国内外相关文献信息,将我国煤矿员工与美国、加拿大和南非的煤矿员工及国内其他行业的员工文化程度进行对比,发现我国煤矿员工平均收教育年限较国外少3.3年,与国内其他高危行业持平,但低于全国劳动力平均受教育水平。在现场调研数据的基础上,分析了员工文化程度对安全生产的影响情况,发现煤矿员工的文化程度与企业总体安全文化水平呈正相关关系,而且文化程度与煤矿的安全生产状况互为因果。     

基于PSR模型的贵州省煤矿安全生产状况综合评价体系

煤矿安全生产的状况是多因素相互影响、制约和共同作用的结果,存在外部环境的宏观因素,也有煤矿企业内部的微观因素.现有的安全生产状况评价主要依靠事故统计分析,通过事故的量和类型来分析和反应安全的状况.仅仅通过事故统计难以全面反映出各因素对安全生产状况的影响.在分析现阶段贵州省煤矿安全生产的现状和主要影响因素的基础上,综合外部宏观与内部微观指标,利用定性与定量相结合的分析方法,通过PSR模型构建综合指标评价体系,并利用层次分析法进行分析、计算和评价,更客观的反映出贵州省煤矿安全生产状况和影响因素.     

我国不同矿物气溶胶源区物质的物理化学特征

在我国不同的矿物气溶胶源区进行采样分析的结果表明,源区气溶胶物质的物理化学特性相差很大.黄土的颗粒最细,91%的黄土颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送;沙土较粗,只有15%的沙尘颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶;2个煤灰样品的粒径差异较大,抚顺煤灰中＜74μm的颗粒高达39%,而呼和浩特煤灰只有7%.不同粒径颗粒的化学分析结果表明,微量元素在细颗粒上有较高的富集.黄土与沙漠土壤的细颗粒的化学性质十分相似,同煤灰的化学性质完全不同,其常量元素与A1的比值(E/Al)十分接近,而且与深海沉积物粘土中的比值(E/A1)     

钻屑法测定煤层H_2S含量

为了测定煤层硫化氢(H2S)含量,防治矿井H2S涌出,提出一种通过钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量的方法。在未受采动影响的新鲜煤壁,采用钻屑法取样,通过测定煤样H2S解吸量、取样过程损失量和H2S残存量确定煤层H2S含量。根据溶于水中H2S的p H值和色谱分析解吸气体中H2S体积分数,确定H2S解吸量;根据煤样解吸规律和气样H2S体积分数,确定H2S损失量;根据色谱分析残存气体中H2S体积分数,确定其残存量。用此方法,对山西某矿H2S涌出煤层进行现场和实验室测定。研究表明,该矿H2S含量为(4.465~6.701)×10-3m3/t。钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量是可行的,可以为矿井H2S治理提供基础数据。     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal of different metamorphic degrees based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system

Research on the micro- and macrocharacteristics of different metamorphic degrees of coal helps improve the control and protection techniques used during spontaneous combustion. Nine coals with different properties were thoroughly investigated in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a self-designed temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system were adopted to analyze the molecular structure and macrocharacteristic parameters of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Additionally, the influence of particle size on spontaneous combustion was considered. Various functional groups were employed as microcharacteristic parameters to capture the principal active groups in oxidation. The gas production rate, oxygen consumption rate, gas concentration, heat energy release rate, and characteristic temperatures were evaluated as macrocharacteristic parameters to investigate the changes in coal during oxidation. The results establish that the microcharacteristics of coal molecules determine the degree of spontaneous combustion based on intrinsic properties and that changes in the macrocharacteristics of the spontaneous combustion of coal reflect the microstructural changes. The contents of the hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, alkyl ether and aryl ether in the coal molecules gradually decrease with the metamorphic increase. Oxygen-containing functional groups have higher reactivities and easily react with oxygen, causing the macroparameters, such as the oxygen consumption rate, the gas generation rate and the heat energy release rate, to consistently decrease with the increase of the metamorphic degree. Small-particle-size coal molecules have more active aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and a larger specific surface area, increasing the chances of adsorbing the oxygen of active groups and promoting the reaction between coal and oxygen. The experimental results indicate that coal samples with higher metamorphic degrees or larger sizes exhibit lower tendencies toward spontaneous combustion. Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system is of great practical importance for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal during storage, processing and utilization and can serve as a convenient reference for production safety in mining applications.     

The impact of coal and non-coal consumption on China's energy performance improvement

China is the world's largest energy consumer, and coal accounts for a higher proportion of the country's total energy consumption, yet during its 12th five-year plan (2011–2015), the coal share among total energy consumption significantly decreased. Previous studies exploring energy performance typically used energy consumption as an input, but this lacks the analytical capacity for the structure of energy consumption. Thus, this study splits energy input into two different inputs, coal consumption and non-coal energy consumption, and based on their differences with other variables, uses the hybrid dynamic data envelopment analysis model to assess the energy performance of China's provincial industrial sector during the period 2011 to 2015. We then compare coal consumption's and non-coal consumption's rooms for improvement and conclude that provinces in eastern and central China should reduce the amount of coal consumption, thereby improving energy performance. Conversely, provinces in the western region should target a balance between energy utilization efficiency and coal consumption.