Stable isotope signatures reflect competitiveness between trees under changed CO2/O3 regimes

Here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under the influence of increased O₃ and CO₂ concentrations. Competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. Stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrogen uptake. In the weaker competitor, beech, efficiency in space-related aboveground resource investment was decreased in competition with spruce and positively related to Δ¹³C, as well as stomatal conductance, but negatively related to δ¹⁸O. Likewise, our synthesis revealed that strong belowground competition for water in spruce was paralleled in this species by high N assimilation capacity. We suggest combining the time-integrative potential of stable isotopes with space-related investigations of competitiveness to accomplish mechanistic understanding of plant competition for resources.     

Estimating contribution of wildland fires to ambient ozone levels in National Parks in the Sierra Nevada, California

Data from four continuous ozone and weather monitoring sites operated by the National Park Service in Sierra Nevada, California, are used to develop an ozone forecasting model and to estimate the contribution of wildland fires on ambient ozone levels. The analyses of weather and ozone data pointed to the transport of ozone precursors from the Central Valley as an important source of pollution in these National Parks. Comparisons of forecasted and observed values demonstrated that accurate forecasts of next-day hourly ozone levels may be achieved by using a time series model with historic averages, expected local weather and modeled PM values as explanatory variables. Results on fire smoke influence indicated occurrence of significant increases in average ozone levels with increasing fire activity. The overall effect on diurnal ozone values, however, was small when compared with the amount of variability attributed to sources other than fire.     

臭氧降解选矿药剂丁基黄药的实验研究

采用臭氧氧化去除水中的丁基黄药,研究了臭氧氧化丁基黄药的影响因素,考察了反应溶液的初始pH值、臭氧投加量、反应物初始浓度、自由基抑制剂对丁基黄药降解率的影响。结果表明,pH值、臭氧投加量越高,丁基黄药降解率越高,随着丁基黄药初始浓度的升高,丁基黄药的去除效率会下降,但绝对去除量会升高。碳酸氢根和叔丁醇能在一定程度上降低丁基黄药的降解效率。同时讨论了体系中COD、TOC、UV254、pH和电导率的变化情况,结果表明臭氧氧化很难将体系中的COD和TOC大幅度降低,反应体系pH随氧化时间的增加而降低的,GC—MS分析表明,丁基黄药氧化的臭氧化产物为醇类和羧酸类物质。     

2009年天津城区地面O_3和NO_x的季节变化与相关性分析

作为城市污染大气的首要光化学污染物,臭氧的变化特征与NO、NO2密切相关.分析天津城区2009年全年O3、NO和NO2体积浓度变化特征,结果表明,O3体积浓度春夏季高,这种分布特征与短波辐射的季节分布有关,日照时数和云量的分布证实了这一点.NO浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,NO2浓度秋季最高,夏季最低;相关性分析表明有NOx...     

东莞工业集中区夏季臭氧污染与非污染期间VOCs组分特征及其来源

为探讨东莞典型工业区夏季大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征及来源,于2020年夏季在厚街镇对大气环境中56种VOCs开展了在线观测,并同步收集了臭氧（O₃）、氮氧化物（NO_x）和一氧化碳（CO）等气体污染物浓度和气象因子等资料,在此基础上分析了VOCs总体积分数和主要物种体积分数特征,进一步估算了主要VOCs物种对臭氧生成潜势的贡献和不同臭氧浓度下VOCs的主要污染源贡献率.结果表明,观测期间56种VOCs的体积分数平均值为53.1×10^-9,其中φ（芳香烃）、φ（烷烃）、φ（烯烃）和φ（炔烃）分别为24.7×10^-9、23.7×10^-9、3.9×10^-9和0.7×10^-9.与非臭氧污染期间相比,臭氧污染期间φ（芳香烃）、φ（烷烃）、φ（烯烃）和φ（炔烃）分别上升约10%、43%、38%和98%.无论是臭氧污染还是非臭氧污染期间,芳香烃对臭氧生成潜势的贡献率均最大,其次为烷烃、烯烃和炔烃.整个夏季观测期间,溶剂源、液化石油气泄漏、化石燃料燃烧源和油气挥发源对VOCs的贡献率分别为60%±20%、16%±11%、15%±11%和9%±6%;臭氧污染期间,溶剂源的贡献率下降到44%,而液化石油气泄漏和油气挥发源的贡献率分别上升到21%和16%.     

臭氧消毒中水前后挥发性有机物的GC/MS分析研究

文章研究在不同消毒时间下,臭氧消毒中水前后挥发性有机物的变化。得出:消毒时间30 s和60 s后GC/MS检测有机物的种类较10 s时有明显增多,种类由10 s时的65种增到30 s时的98种,再增到60 s时的101种,最后到3 min时的135种。臭氧消毒法的快速、高效无二次污染、适用范围广。     

Ozone Indicators Determined at Rural Sites in the Eastern United States by two Monitoring Networks

Ozone levels at Clean Air Status andTrends Network (CASTNet) and nearby rurally-designatedState and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) siteslocated in the eastern United States (U.S.) arecompared using daily indicators (i.e., maximum, range,and SUM06) based on hourly O₃ measurements. Comparisons are also made using monthly and summertimethree-month SUM06 determinations aggregated from dailydata. Comparison of O₃ indicators at the pairedCASTNet-SLAMS sites generally shows better agreementfor O₃ maximum than for range or SUM06. Thehighest correlation of daily O₃ indicators occursfor paired sites that are separated by less than 100miles, and the correlation diminishes with increasingseparation distance. Correlation coefficients exceed0.70 in 49% of the comparisons of maximum, in23% of range comparisons and in 5% ofSUM06 comparisons, suggesting that substitution ofSLAMS for CASTNet O₃ measurements would fail tocapture a substantial amount of the variability inO₃ indicators present at the CASTNet sites. Correlations of O₃ indicators at CASTNet andpaired nearby SLAMS sites are 0.80 in a relativelysmall number of cases. Despite the high correlationin even these cases, O₃ behavior at paired sitesis not identical and shows systematic differences thatare reflected in the O₃ minimum, hourly averageconcentrations, and the monthly and three-month SUM06. Ozone measurements at nearby rurally-designated SLAMSsites may not capture the `rural' nature of the airquality being monitored at CASTNet sites and, in mostcases, may not be sufficiently representative of theconcentration at CASTNet sites to permit O₃measurements at SLAMS sites to be used in lieu ofmeasurements at CASTNet sites. As a result, if ruralO₃ concentration data are needed, then O₃monitoring at carefully chosen, rurally representativesites is recommended.     

Grey Box and Component Models to Forecast Ozone Episodes: A Comparison Study

For the purpose of short-term forecasting of high ozone concentration episodes stochastic models have been suggested and developed in the literature. The present paper compares the quality of forecasts produced by a grey box and a component time-series model. The summer ozone patterns for three European urban areas (two continental and one mediterranean) are processed. By means of forecast performance indices according to EC and WHO guidelines, the following features of the models could be found: The grey box model is highly adaptive and produces forecasts with low error variance that increases with the time horizon of forecast. The component model is more 'stiff' that results in a higher forecast-error variance and poorer adaption in detail. The forecast horizon, however, could be enlarged with this model. The accuracy of predicting threshold exceedance is similar for both models. This can be understood from the assumption of a cyclical time development of ozone that was made for both models.     

Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring. Ozone Induced Artefact Formation

Assessment of population exposure to VOC in ambient atmospheres is receiving heightened interest as the adverse health effects of chronic exposure to certain of these compounds are identified. Active (pumped) and passive samplers are the most commonly used devices for this type of monitoring. It has been shown, however, that these devices, along with all other preconcentration techniques, are susceptible to ozone interference. It is demonstrated that this interference occurs even at low ozone concentrations and that it may result in the under-estimation of population exposure. A convenient and effective ozone scrubbing method is identified and successfully applied and validated for both active and passive samplers for a range of VOC.