中国电线积冰灾害危险性评估和区划

中国有关电线积冰方面的观测资料太少,难以直接用于灾害评估。为了解决这个问题,利用1960-2009年现有的电线积冰和常规气象资料,在分析观测冰重和常规气象指标相关性的基础上,逐步筛选出影响冰重的主要气象指标,构建了电线积冰灾害危险性评估的常规气象指标体系,再利用常规气象资料采用多元线性回归方法估算积冰量,对中国电线积冰灾害危险性进行了评估和区划。结果表明:(1)在综合考虑相关性和空间代表性的基础上,影响雨凇和混合凇冰重的主要气象指标为过程平均风速、积冰时间、过程累计降水量;影响雾凇的为过程平均风速、过程浓雾时间。(2)中国大部分地区电线积冰灾害危险性较低,中高危险区面积较小,分布特征表现出明显的南北差异。中高危险区呈带状分布于南方地区的长江中下游山地丘陵区,北方地区则呈点状分布,具体位置与山地丘陵、江河湖泊均有着密切的关系。     

主成分回归模型在农业需水量预测中的应用

农业需水量的准确预测对区域发展具有十分重要的意义。农业需水量受多重因素的影响,且这些因素大多存在较强的相关性。通过介绍主成分分析法的原理和计算分析,以实例（z市1998--2010年农业用水资料）建立回归模型对需水量进行预测。结果表明,该模型应用于农业用水量预测,其结果与当地实际情况较吻合,模型的拟合程度和预测准确度均较好。     

Temporal change estimation of mercury concentrations in northern pike (Esox lucius L.) in Swedish lakes

Adequate temporal trend analysis of mercury (Hg) in freshwater ecosystems is critical to evaluate if actions from the human society have affected Hg concentrations ([Hg]) in fresh water biota. This study examined temporal change in [Hg] in Northern pike (Esox lucius L.) in Swedish freshwater lakes between 1994 and 2006. To achieve this were lake-specific, multiple-linear-regression models used to estimate pike [Hg], including indicator variables representing time and fish weight and their interactions. This approach permitted estimation of the direction and magnitude of temporal changes in 25 lakes selected from the Swedish national database on Hg in freshwater biota. A significant increase was found in 36% of the studied lakes with an average increase in pike [Hg] of 3.7 ± 6.7% per year that was found to be positively correlated with total organic carbon. For lakes with a significant temporal change the dataset was based on a mean of 30 fish, while for lakes with no temporal change it was based on a mean of 13 fish.     

农业面源污染形成机制:理论与实证

在对我国农业面源污染核算及其时空演变特征分析的基础上,构建农业面源污染形成机制分析框架,并利用省际面板数据进行实证分析。主要研究结论如下:①1990-2006年我国农业面源污染对生态环境的压力呈现增加的趋势,主要分布在人口众多、农业集约化程度较高的地区。②农业面源污染形成的一般机制是:经济发展导致农产品需求结构、农业结构的变动等都会对农业面源污染产生的环境因子产生影响,进而导致农业面源污染产生量的差异;对农产品消费数量的增多和对耕地的消耗增大,农业生态系统面临更大的生产集约程度,在很大程度上加大了农业面源污染;经济发展同时也导致公众对高质量环境的需求增多,环保意识也大大提高,为农业面源污染管理政策提供了有效执行土壤,另外,经济增长也为加大环境投资和先进技术的应用提供基础,可能减少农业生产对环境的压力;③实证研究表明,产业结构的演化、技术进步、环境管理制度等方面是影响农业面源污染的重要因素,应是农业面源污染控制和管理政策创新的重点。     

土地市场发展对土地集约利用的影响

该文在分析土地市场发展与土地集约利用关系的基础上,构建计量模型,运用我国31省(市、区)2001 - 2008年的面板数据,估算土地市场发育对土地集约利用的作用方向和程度.分析结果表明,总体上全国土地市场发展对土地集约利用有着显著的正向促进作用,在2001-2008年间,我国土地市场化水平每提高1个百分点,土地集约利用水平就能提升1.276 5亿元/Km2.进一步地将我国31省(市、区)划分为工业化初期、中期、成熟期和后期4个阶段,不同发展阶段的省(市、区)土地市场化对土地集约利用水平的作用程度和作用方向有着较大差别.工业化初期阶段省(市、区)的土地市场发展对土地集约利用的弹性系数最高;工业化中期、成熟期阶段的省(市、区),土地市场发展对土地集约利用的促进作用显著,应进一步强化土地资源的市场化配置;工业化后期的北京、上海、天津土地市场化对土地集约利用的弹性系数小于零,说明体现土地资源、资产属性的土地市场发展到一定程度后,应更加重视土地对经济发展的宏观调控属性.     

Understanding crashes involving roadway objects with SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study data

Introduction: Crashes involving roadway objects and animals can cause severe injuries and property damages and are a major concern for the traveling public, state transportation agencies, and the automotive industry. This project involved an in-depth investigation of such crashes based on the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data including detailed information and videos about 2,689 events. Methods: The research team conducted a variety of logistic regression analyses, complemented by Support Vector Machine (SVM) analyses and detailed case studies. Results: The logistic regression results indicated that driver behavior/errors, involvement of secondary tasks, roadway characteristics, lighting condition, and pavement surface condition are among the factors that contributed significantly to the occurrence and/or increased severity outcomes of crashes involving roadway objects and animals. Among these factors, improper turning movements (odds ratio = 88), avoiding animal or other vehicle (odds ratio = 38), and reaching/moving object in vehicle (odds ratio = 29) particularly increased the odds of crash occurrence. Factors such as open country roadways, sign/signal violation, unfamiliar with roadway, fatigue/drowsiness, and speeding significantly increased the severity outcomes when such crashes occurred. The sensitivity analysis of the three SVM classifiers confirmed that driver behavior/errors, critical speed, struck object type, and reaction time were major factors affecting the occurrence and severity outcomes of events involving roadway objects and animals. Practical Applications: The study provides insights on risk factors influencing safety events involving roadway objects, including their occurrence and the severity outcomes. The findings allow researchers and traffic engineers to better understand the causes of such crashes and therefore develop more effective roadway- and vehicle- based countermeasures.     

信号控制交叉口行人过街等待时间研究

为保护行人过街时的安全及减少行人违章行为,通过分析行人过街的等待规律,构建了信号控制行人过街等待的生存分析方法。对上海市典型交叉口的行人过街等待行为的观测及分析,得到了行人等待的生存曲线,建立了行人违章危险度随行人自身及环境因素影响的COX风险回归模型。结果表明:行人在路边等待过街最大可忍受等待时间为90s,在中间安全岛的最大可忍受等待时间仅为50s;行人等待时间与行人年龄、红灯时间、穿越车道数、冲突方向车流量、是否二次过街相关,与行人性别无关;合理的交叉口设计和信号控制能提高行人的遵章率、降低违章危险度。笔者建议:信号控制交叉口行人红灯时间不超过90s,行人在安全岛最大等待时间不超过50s。     

A prediction-based approach to modelling temporal and spatial variability of traffic-related air pollution in Montreal, Canada

Concentrations of traffic-related air pollution can be highly variable at the local scale and can have substantial seasonal variability. This study was designed to provide estimates of intra-urban concentrations of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in Montreal, Canada, that would be used subsequently in health studies of chronic diseases and long-term exposures to traffic-related air pollution. We measured concentrations of NO₂ at 133 locations in Montreal with passive diffusion samplers in three seasons during 2005 and 2006. We then used land use regression, a proven statistical prediction method for describing spatial patterns of air pollution, to develop separate estimates of spatial variability across the city by regressing NO₂ against available land-use variables in each of these three periods. We also developed a “pooled” model across these sampling periods to provide an estimate of an annual average. Our modelling strategy was to develop a predictive model that maximized the model R². This strategy is different from other strategies whose goal is to identify causal relationships between predictors and concentrations of NO₂.Observed concentrations of NO₂ ranged from 2.6 ppb to 31.5 ppb, with mean values of 12.6 ppb in December 2005, 14.0 ppb in May 2006, and 8.9 ppb in August 2006. The greatest variability was observed during May. Concentrations of NO₂ were highest downtown and near major highways, and they were lowest in the western part of the city. Our pooled model explained approximately 80% of the variability in concentrations of NO₂. Although there were differences in concentrations of NO₂ between the three sampling periods, we found that the spatial variability did not vary significantly across the three sampling periods and that the pooled model was representative of mean annual spatial patterns.     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅱ)——逐步回归预测方法

利用1960-2005年74类大气环流资料,从玉米播种期的5月开始到8月,逐月滚动建立了东北3省典型站玉米热量指数的逐步回归模型.各月模型都能较好地预测该区玉米生长季内的热量状况.检验结果表明,通过运用滚动预报的方法,可以有效地提高预测玉米生长季内热量指数的准确率.     

总体平衡模式工伤保险基金筹集模式的研究

针对我国目前工伤保险基金筹集模式中最重要的总体平衡模式,利用参保人数、伤残人数、伤残比例等具体的历史数据进行了预测,得出总体平衡模式工伤保险基金的应交费率和费用,为工伤保险基金的有效筹集提供了有益的思路和借鉴.