烟颗粒对太赫兹波衰减特性的影响研究

太赫兹成像系统相对于普通红外线成像系统而言,其受温度和烟雾密度的影响较小,将其引入火场环境侦测中能较好地解决火场环境能见度低的问题.但太赫兹波在火场烟气环境中传播时,会受到烟颗粒的吸收和散射作用影响,造成其传播特性发生变化,因此有必要开展烟颗粒对太赫兹波衰减特性的影响研究.采用离散偶极子近似法进行模拟运算,结合烟颗粒分...     

综合管廊内火灾自动报警探测器实验研究

为了能够有效提升综合管廊内火灾自动报警系统的准确性和可靠性,本文采用火灾实体试验的方法,通过对各类型火灾自动报警探测器响应时间的情况进行分析和比较,研究综合管廊电力舱内常用探测器的性能。研究结果表明:接触式缆式线型感温火灾探测器可以较早的探测到电缆温度异常变化的现象,可用于早期预警。点型感烟探测器对烟粒子浓度较为敏感,可用于综合管廊电力舱室的空间探测。分布式光纤型感温火灾探测器对明火温度的变化较为敏感,作为空间型的火灾探测器比较可靠。     

深部煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律

为了研究煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律,选取具有冲击危险性的平煤八矿己15煤作为研究对象,采取钻屑量测试和孔口瓦斯浓度监测,通过筛分实验煤样并应用Rosin Rammler分布模型,探究了钻屑粒度和钻屑量大小随孔深变化关系,分析不同点钻屑粒度分布特征。结果表明:小于0.075 mm钻屑粒度分布随孔深变化与钻屑量变化规律相吻合;不同钻孔随深度变化分别对应不同Rosin Rammler分布函数,随着应力过渡越平缓,粒径分布宽度系数n值越小,煤体应力越大粒径相关系数D越大;不同范围钻屑粒度占比大小也会影响钻屑量大小;在钻屑量较大时,孔口瓦斯体积分数会出现增高现象。通过对钻屑粒度分布规律分析,更好地了解深部煤体应力分布,有助于冲击危险的预警。     

Optimization of capture–recapture monitoring of elusive species illustrated with a threatened grasshopper

Information on population sizes and trends of threatened species is essential for their conservation, but obtaining reliable estimates can be challenging. We devised a method to improve the precision of estimates of population size obtained from capture–recapture studies for species with low capture and recapture probabilities and short seasonal activity, illustrated with population data of an elusive grasshopper (Prionotropis rhodanica). We used data from 5 capture–recapture studies to identify methodological and environmental factors affecting capture and recapture probabilities and estimates of population size. In a simulation, we used the population size and capture and recapture probability estimates obtained from the field studies to identify the minimum number of sampling occasions needed to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of population size. Based on these results we optimized the capture–recapture design, implemented it in 2 additional studies, and compared their precision with those of the nonoptimized studies. Additionally, we simulated scenarios based on thresholds of population size in criteria C and D of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to investigate whether estimates of population size for elusive species can reliably inform red-list assessments. Identifying parameters that affect capture and recapture probabilities (for the grasshopper time since emergence of first adults) and optimizing field protocols based on this information reduced study effort (−6% to −27% sampling occasions) and provided more precise estimates of population size (reduced coefficient of variation) compared with nonoptimized studies. Estimates of population size from the scenarios based on the IUCN thresholds were mostly unbiased and robust (only the combination of very small populations and little study effort produced unreliable estimates), suggesting capture–recapture can be considered reliable for informing red-list assessments. Although capture–recapture remains difficult and costly for elusive species, our optimization procedure can help determine efficient protocols to increase data quality and minimize monitoring effort.     

粗枝云杉不同径级根系分解过程中4种养分元素的释放特征

植物根系分解是养分元素进入土壤的重要途径之一.为了解径级对根系分解过程中养分元素释放的潜在影响,以川西亚高山针叶林中的粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为对象,采用原位分解试验,研究云杉3个径级(0-2 mm,2-5 mm和5-10 mm)根系分解过程中钾(K)、钠(Na)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)元素的浓度、残留...     

Can we gain precision by sampling with probabilities proportional to size in surveying recent landscape changes in the Netherlands?

Seventy-two squares of 100 ha were selected by stratified random sampling with probabilities proportional to size (pps) to survey landscape changes in the period 1996–2003. The area of the plots times the urbanization pressure was used as a size measure. The central question of this study is whether the sampling with probabilities proportional to size leads to gain in precision compared to equal probability sampling. On average 1.03 isolated buildings per 100 ha have been built, while 0.90 buildings per 100 ha have been removed, leading to a net change of 0.13 building per 100 ha. The area with unspoiled natural relief has been reduced by 2.3 ha per 100 ha, and the length of linear relicts by 137 m per 100 ha. On average 74 m of linear green elements have been planted per 100 ha, while 106 m have been removed, leading to a net change of −31 m per 100 ha. For the state variables ‘unspoiled natural relief', ‘ linear relicts', ‘removed linear green elements', and ‘new – removed linear green elements' there is a gain in precision due to the pps-sampling. For the remaining state variables there is no gain or even a loss of precision (`new buildings', ‘removed buildings', ‘new – removed buildings', ‘new linear green elements'). Therefore, if many state variables must be monitored or when interest is not only in the change but also in the current totals, we recommend to keep things simple, and to select plots with equal probability.     

Carrousel氧化沟的流动特性研究

采用颗粒动态分析仪(PDA)对倒伞形表面曝气机曝气的Carrousel小试氧化沟进行测试,得出了氧化沟内较系统的流动特性参数.比较了固液两相在氧化沟内流动的差别,发现固液两相流动速度差别较小,由于惯性的影响,固相的沉降速度略大于液相.考察了表曝机的转速、表曝机相对于液面的位置、氧化沟的深度等因素对氧化沟内流动的影响,随着表曝机转速的增大和表曝机浸入液面深度的增加,流动速度和沉降速度均会增大,而氧化沟深度增加时,距离液面同一深度处的速度则会减小.实验结果与污水处理厂的实际情形进行比较发现,二者变化趋势一致,说明本实验结果可用于指导工程实际,为氧化沟的优化设计提供依据.     

图象法确定底泥颗粒物的表面分形维数(Ds)

研究了不同标度下底泥颗粒物的表面分形特征.结果表明,底泥颗粒的表面在几个nm到几个μm之间一般都具有多重分形特征,而且在不同的标度范围内表面分形维数(Ds)具有一定的差异,在100-102量级之间,随图象分辨率的增大,相应的Ds一般呈变小的趋势.SEM图象计算出的Ds为2.32-2.42,AFM图象计算出的Ds为2.00-2.46,它们是是纯粹几何意义上的表面粗糙特征的描述.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器污泥性状研究

采用厌氧-好氧运行方式的颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）,连续运行近120　d表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力.对GMBR中污泥粒径分布变化研究表明,GMBR中污泥浓度的增加主要是由于粒径0.18～0.45　mm的小颗粒污泥及小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥的增加造成的,粒径大于0.45　mm的颗粒污泥能够基本稳定维持其颗粒形态,反应器运行末期,GMBR中颗粒污泥（粒径大于0.18　mm的污泥）含量稳定在污泥总量的60％～65％以上.污泥表面电荷量随着污泥组成形态的变化电负性逐渐增加,80　d后稳定在-0.42～-0.80　meq·g^-1之间.污泥表面电荷的负电性增加主要是由小于0.45　mm的污泥造成的,其中小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥对其影响最大.并且,污泥粒径越大污泥表面负电荷量越少,两者具有较好的线性关系.另外,GMBR中SVI稳定在60～90 mL/g之间,并且随着污泥表面电荷负电性的增加污泥SVI值增加,两者之间具有一定的相关性.     

近地面大气颗粒物粒度与粒形特征

选择大气颗粒物污染代表性城市石家庄市,利用挂片法采集采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物样品,在CIS-50粒度粒形仪上进行视频通道测试,并利用扫描电镜对颗粒表面形态进行观察,得出颗粒物粒度分布、粒形参数及形貌特征.结果显示,大气颗粒物粒度分布为连续多峰曲线形态,粒径范围为0.8～120 μm,集中于10 μm以下,粒度均值变化为4.086 0～7.622 7 μm,标准差随粒度均值增大而增大;粒形参数中形状因子均值变化为0.718 3～0.899 3,分维度均值变化为1.041 1～1.072 0.上述数据均呈现在非采暖期间小于采暖期间的特征.扫描电镜观察表明大气颗粒物多为表面粗糙的块状形貌,粒度较大;团聚状次之,并呈粗、细2种团聚形态;球体颗粒粒度最小.分析认为,石家庄市近地面大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化受地面排放影响强烈,采暖期新增颗粒物粒度为5～8 μm,粒形为近圆形及圆形,呈聚合体形态;PM₅数量比与近方形及正方形颗粒数量比呈较好正相关,r 为0.945 8,与近圆形及圆形颗粒数量比呈负相关,r 为-0.972 6,PM₅在大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化中可能有重要影响.