Suspended particulates in the Jamaican atmosphere

The results of a survey of air particulates at 23 sites across Jamaica for total suspended particulates (TSP), Al, Br, Cl, Na, Pb, and V, by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) are reported. The geometric mean of TSP values, 35 g m-3, is well within the World Health Organisation's standard of 60 g m-3 for TSP, but in areas of high vehicular traffic density the TSP values exceeded this limit. The correlation coefficient between Br and Pb concentrations in the particulates was 0.92 and the Br/Pb ratio of 0.38 compares well with a ratio of 0.39 found in commercial petrol indicating that the exhaust from vehicular traffic is the major source of Pb in atmospheric particulate matter in Jamaica.     

兰州市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子研究

本文对兰州市不同季节大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要理化特性及其与降水的关系进行了研究，认为大气颗粒物中水溶性离子是当地降水中ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｃｌ＾－等主要离子的来源。在１３种被测的水溶物中，ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｃａ＾２＋离子所占比例较高，分别占总离子的３１．４％和２７．８％，年均浓度值为１０．７２μｇ／ｍ＾３和３．９６μｇ／ｍ＾３。同时大气颗粒物中水溶物浓度与ＳＯ２，ＴＳＰ等大气污染物浓度之间也     

萃取－同步荧光光谱法测定大气飘尘中苯并（a）芘

提出用浓Ｈ２ＳＯ４从大气飘尘样品的环己烧提取液中一次萃取后，用同步荧光光谱测定苯并（ａ）芘的方法。选用△λ为２０ｎｍ时可获最佳效果，用浓硫酸萃取的时间仅１ｍｉｎ，苯并（ａ）芘在浓硫酸相中１ｈ内稳定，样品加标的回收率为８５％，其它多环芳烃化合物在５３０—６００ｎｍ的测定波长范围不干扰苯并（ａ）芘的测定。用乙酰化滤纸层析－荧光分光光度的统一方法作为对比对实际样品进行了测定，结果与后者的偏差在±１５％以内，分析周期可缩短２４ｈ。     

Polynuclear aromatic compounds in kerosene,diesel and unmodified sunflower oil and in respective engine exhaust particulate emissions

Polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAC) were characterized in diesel fuel, kerosene fuel and unmodified sunflower oil as well as in their respective engine exhaust particulates. Diesel fuel was found to contain high amounts of different PAC, up to a total concentration of 14,740?ppm, including carbazole and dibenzothiophene, which are known carcinogens. Kerosene fuel was also found to contain high amounts of different PAC, up to a total concentration of 10,930?ppm, consisting mainly of lower molecular weight (MW) naphthalene and its alkyl derivatives, but no PAC component peaks were detected in the unmodified sunflower oil. Engine exhaust particulates sampled from a modified one-cylinder diesel engine running on diesel, kerosene and unmodified sunflower oil, respectively, were found to contain significantly high concentrations of different PAC, including many of the carcinogenic ones, in the soluble organic fraction (SOF). PAC concentrations detected at the exhaust outlet indicated that most of the PAC that were present in diesel and kerosene fuels before the test runs got completely burnt out during combustion in the engine whereas some new ones were also formed. The difference between the character and composition of PAC present in the fuels and those emitted in the exhaust particulates indicated that exhaust PAC were predominantly combustion generated. High amounts of PAC, up to totals of 52,900 and 4830?µg?m^?3 of burnt fuel, in diesel and kerosene exhaust particulates, respectively, were detected in the dilution tunnel when the exhaust emissions were mixed with atmospheric air. Significant amounts of PAC were also emitted when the engine was run on unmodified sunflower oil with a total concentration of 17,070?µg?m^?3 of burnt fuel detected in the dilution tunnel. High proportions of the combustion-generated PAC determined when the engine was run on diesel, kerosene and unmodified sunflower, respectively, consisted of nitrogen-containing PAC (PANH) and sulphur-containing PAC (PASH).     

Metals in the indoor environment

There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined.

The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources.

Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both identification of agents and the measurement of indoor exposures are critical for a more realistic assessment of the effect of this aspect of air pollution on human health.     

柴油车排气净化技术探讨

柴油车的排气污染受到了越来越多的关注。文章分别介绍了柴油机排气中氮氧化物的还原、碳烟颗粒物的氧化以及同时去除氮氧化物和颗粒物的各种催化净化技术及其最新研究进展,并对该研究方向存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨。     

乌达-乌斯太工业园大气颗粒物中汞的形态及空间分布特征

利用碳质分析（OC/EC）、离子色谱分析（IC）、程序升温脱附分析（TPD）、成像分析等综合分析手段,对内蒙古乌达-乌斯太工业园大气细颗粒物中汞的具体存在形态和空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,乌达-乌斯太工业园PM_2.5中Hg含量与有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、Cl^-和NO₃^-含量的相关性系数r分别为<0.1、<0.1、0.854和0.745.PM_2.5中的汞以无机态为主,且可能以HgCl₂、HgS、HgO和Hg（NO₃）₂·H₂O为主要存在形态.PM_2.5中汞含量相对富集区多分布在高Hg⁰浓度,高氯和高酸（硝酸）区域,表明排氯、排酸等工业活动与PM_2.5中汞的形成具有重要的内在联系.     

济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物分布状况及形态的透射电镜实验研究

利用透射电镜观察分析了济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物显微形态及粒径分布状况,利用统计回归分析方法绘制了细颗粒物粒径与数量分布状况关系曲线及相应的柱状图.每例样品的采样时间为24小时,连续十天采样,统计分析结果表明:大气中细颗粒物粒径主要分布在0 μm～1μm范围之间,其次为1μm～2μm之间,实验结果对于研究大气中PM2.5及大气污染状况具有一定的参考价值,实验方法值得推广应用.     

纳米尺度物质对生态环境的影响及其生物安全性的研究进展与展望

纳米科技与产业化已列入国家科技中长期发展规划,将为我国经济和社会的可持续发展做出重大贡献。在发展纳米科技的同时,要密切关注其对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害,探讨纳米技术正反两个方面的效应,真正地推动纳米科技的进步,促进纳米技术产业化健康、有序发展.为此,以自然环境存在的和人工合成的纳米尺度物质为综述对象,探讨了其对生态环境和人群健康的潜在影响,综述了纳米尺度物质生物安全性、危险度评估技术、对健康影响的作用机制以及潜在危害的防控措施等方面的研究进展,在此基础上,对纳米技术对生态环境影响研究和生物安全性研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

酚类化合物在水体颗粒物上的吸附实验

本文对四种不同酚类化合物的水体颗粒物上吸附行为进行了实验研究，通过对三种不同形式的吸附等温吸附等温线的比较，选择出最符合酚类化合物的Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ等温线，同时还观察了ｐＨ值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响，并讨论了化合物的化学结构与吸附之间的关系。