地震动特征的统计分析

统计了国内外287次5级以上的实际地震记录,研究了地震动峰值不对称比、持时、地震荷载类型的统计特征和规律。结果表明：地震动峰值具有明显的不对称性,可以用峰值不对称比描述,统计结果具有规律性,其平均值总体上随震级加大而略有降低,从5级到8级地震其范围变化为1.4～1.2;地震动持时随震级增大而增大,近似于线性增长,震级从...     

杭州灰霾现象与环境空气质量的差异比较

对2006-2010年颗粒物浓度和灰霾进行分析,比较灰霾天数与颗粒物浓度超标状况,并设立多个颗粒物评价指标进行筛选,结果表明,近5年来杭州灰霾频繁出现,灰霾频率平均为41.9%,依据目前环境空气质量评价体系进行的评价表明主城区环境空气质量优良率平均为84.7%,,超标率仅15.3%,与灰霾频率相差悬殊。增加新修改的国家环境空气质量标准(征求意见稿)中PM2.5日均浓度(参考限值)为指标进行评价,超标率为33.3%,,比原评价体系有较大幅度的改善,但仍有一定的差距。考虑到灰霾现象出现的短期性,再增加PM2.5最大小时浓度作为新指标。在选取0.100 mg/m3、0.150 mg/m3、0.200 mg/m3三个参考值作为增加指标时,以0.150 mg/m3作为最大小时浓度限值指标时,超标率为39.2%,与灰霾频率基本一致。     

Effects of vent layout and vent area on dynamic characteristics of premixed methane-air explosion in a tube with two side-vented ducts

To further elucidate the influence mechanism of side vents on the dynamic characteristics of gas explosions in tubes is helpful to design more reasonable vent layouts. In this paper, 9.5% methane-air explosion experiments were conducted in a tube with two side-vented ducts, and the effects of vent layouts and vent areas on the dynamic characteristics of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed were investigated. The results demonstrate that under the same condition with a single vent area of 100 mm × 100 mm, when only the end vent is open, the maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum flame propagation speed are the highest among the five vent layouts. When the side vents 1 and 2 and the end vent are open, the maximum explosion overpressure is the lowest, and an unusual discovery is that the flame front changes into a hemispherical shape, finger shape, quasi-plane shape, tulip shape and wrinkled structure. When only side vent 1 is open, a unique Helmholtz oscillation occurs, and a new discovery is that there is a consistent oscillation relationship among the overpressure, flame propagation speed and flame structure. Helmholtz oscillation occurs only when a single vent area is 100 mm × 100 mm–60 mm × 60 mm, and the oscillation degree decreases with decreasing vent area. During the vent failure stage, the maximum explosion overpressure is generated, the flame front begins to appear irregular shape, and the flame propagation speed shows a prominent characteristic peak. After the vent failure stage, the driving effect of the end vent on the flame is higher than that of the side vent on the flame. Furthermore, the correlation equations of the mathematical relationships among the maximum explosion overpressure P_red, the static activation pressure P_stat and the vent coefficient K_v under four vent layouts are established, respectively.     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

新疆准东经济技术开发区二氧化碳排放现状与降碳对策研究

通过分析新疆准东经济技术开发区各行业的二氧化碳排放量及排放特征,研究新疆准东经济技术开发区碳达峰碳中和的实现路径。分析结果显示,准东经济技术开发区最主要的二氧化碳排放源是化石燃料燃烧,其对二氧化碳排放量的贡献比例在95.2%以上。能源活动二氧化碳排放量占总排放量的98.5%以上;工业生产过程排放的二氧化碳较少,占比在1.5%以下。新疆准东经济技术开发区主要二氧化碳排放行业是煤电、电解铝、煤化工、硅基新材料。在此基础上,结合各行业特点,提出发展园区循环经济、制定低碳行业标准和培育低碳产业等详细对策。     

贵州喀斯特峰丛区石漠化土地调查与评价——以毕节老街村为例

脆弱喀斯特生态环境在人口压力和不合理经济活动作用下日益恶化,土地石漠化已成为喀斯特地区最严重的生态环境问题之一,直接威胁着当地居民的生存与发展。在对老街村进行实地踏勘和采样的基础上,调用SPSS软件分析,结果显示:地形坡度、表土层厚度、岩石裸露程度是引起该区土地景观分异的主导因素,其方差累积贡献率达81.224%。在此基础上,以地貌面、土壤类型、裸石景观特点为主导标志,并结合灌草分布,以GPS为定位手段,借助GIS平台,完成老街村土地类型单元调查和制图;并利用多因子得分的几何平均数综合评价石漠化土地适宜性,评价结果与实际吻合较好,为土地生态设计和生态修复奠定基础。     

超压防护急救车车厢内生物污染物运动扩散的数值模拟与试验验证

为考核超压防护急救车通过生物污染区域时的车厢环境安全性,运用CFD方法和拉格朗日颗粒随机轨道模型,对车厢内的生物污染物运动扩散进行了数值模拟,并通过试验对比研究了车厢内污染物浓度场的分布状态.试验结果与模拟结果基本一致,说明拉格朗日颗粒随机轨道模型能较好地反映生物污染物运动扩散的时空分布特点,超压防护急救车车厢环境安全性良好.     

管道燃气爆炸特性实验研究

管道是化工及油气储运系统的重要组成部分,却时常受燃烧爆炸事故的威胁,因此对管道中燃气燃烧爆炸特性与规律的研究就十分必要。以甲烷作为研究对象,采用压力传感器以及火焰传感器等对水平封闭管道内甲烷-空气预混燃烧爆炸进行了实验研究,通过大量实验来研究可燃气体爆炸压力与火焰及其传播变化规律。根据实验结果将超压以及气体燃烧的变化情况,对前驱冲击波与火焰面的相对时间及相对位置关系进行了分析。结果显示,管道中会产生前驱压力波,并超前火焰阵面甲烷气体在管道传播过程中,出现冲击波反压射、波叠加及反冲现象,压力的持续时间较火焰光信号持续时间长。所做的工作为油气受限空间中燃气燃烧爆炸特性与规律的进一步研究及工业防爆抑爆技术及工艺的实施、系统设计以及关键参数计算提供了理论依据。     

冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法

目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。     

贵州喀斯特峰丛区石漠化土地调查与评价——以毕节老街村为例

脆弱喀斯特生态环境在人口压力和不合理经济活动作用下日益恶化, 土地石漠化已成为喀斯特地区最严重的生态环境问题之一, 直接威胁着当地居民的生存与发展。在对老街村进行实地踏勘和采样的基础上, 调用SPSS软件分析,结果显示:地形坡度、表土层厚度、岩石裸露程度是引起该区土地景观分异的主导因素, 其方差累积贡献率达81.224%。在此基础上, 以地貌面、土壤类型、裸石景观特点为主导标志，并结合灌草分布, 以GPS为定位手段, 借助GIS平台, 完成老街村土地类型单元调查和制图; 并利用多因子得分的几何平均数综合评价石漠化土地适宜性, 评价结果与实际吻合较好, 为土地生态设计和生态修复奠定基础。