减污降碳协同增效：政策困境与完善路径

我国面临实现生态环境根本好转与碳达峰碳中和两大战略任务,“协同治理”政策体系需在现有的生态环境管理制度体系上嵌入“降碳”政策目标,“降碳”和“减污”涉及的规范、资源和工具等制度性要素将在“协同增效”目标下重新协调整合。“减污降碳”在政策理念、政策工具、政策主体等层面均对传统污染防治政策系统存在路径依赖,可能导致决策科学性不足、规制失灵、政策可持续性较差、政策僵化、市场主体投入不足等问题。故此,需加快完善“协同增效”相关法律法规、强化多元政策工具统筹协同、优化差异性政策的管理协同。     

聚吡咯修饰电极测定废水中的镉

讨论了聚吡咯对镉离子的配位富集作用及其影响因素,并用循环伏安法加以证实。在０．１－５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的范围内,Ｃｄ６２＋浓度与还原峰电流成线性关系。检测限为０．０５,ｇ／Ｌ可用于废水测定,方法简便,快速,干扰少。     

泄爆面特征参数对天然气爆炸超压峰值的影响规律

为揭示泄爆面特征参数对大尺度受限空间内天然气爆炸超压峰值结构的影响机制,基于典型房间特征,借助计算流体动力学技术研究不同泄爆面开启压力、开启时间以及泄压比等参数条件下室内天然气泄爆超压峰值结构的分布规律。研究结果表明:峰值Pb随开启压力和开启时间增加均呈线性增长趋势,而泄压比对Pb影响较小;峰值Pmfa与室内最大火焰面积有关,随开启压力、开启时间的增加和泄压比的减小,气体出流速度增大,进而产生更强的湍流,导致室内火焰面积和气体燃烧率增加,最终Pmfa增大;峰值Pext随泄压比增加呈快速降低趋势,同时开启压力和开启时间对Pext影响具有协同效应,共同促进Pext快速增加。     

A review of research on China’s carbon emission peak and its forcing mechanism

In order to make further steps in dealing with climate change, China proposed to peak carbon dioxide emissions by about 2030 and to make best efforts for the peaking early. The carbon emission peak target (CEPT) must result in a forcing mechanism on China’s economic transition. This paper, by following the logical order from “research on carbon emission history” to “carbon emission trend prediction,” from “research on paths of realizing peak” to “peak restraint research,” provides a general review of current status and development trend of researches on China’s carbon emission and its peak value. Furthermore, this paper also reviews the basic theories and specific cases of the forcing mechanism. Based on the existing achievements and development trends in this field, the following research directions that can be further expanded are put forward. First, from the perspective of long-term strategy of sustainable development, we should analyze and construct the forcing mechanism of CEPT in a reverse thinking way. Second, economic transition paths under the forcing mechanism should be systematically studied. Third, by constructing a large-scale policy evaluation model, the emission reduction performance and economic impact of a series of policy measures adopted during the transition process should be quantitatively evaluated.     

Effects of Impervious Area and BMP Implementation and Design on Storm Runoff and Water Quality in Eight Small Watersheds

The effects of increases in effective impervious area (EIA) and the implementation of water quality protection designed detention pond best management practices (BMPs) on storm runoff and stormwater quality were assessed in Gwinnett County, Georgia, for the period 2001‐2008. Trends among eight small watersheds were compared, using a time trend study design. Significant trends were detected in three storm hydrologic metrics and in five water quality constituents that were adjusted for variability in storm characteristics and climate. Trends in EIA ranged from 0.10 to 1.35, and changes in EIA treated by BMPs ranged from 0.19 to 1.32; both expressed in units of percentage of drainage area per year. Trend relations indicated that for every 1% increase in watershed EIA, about 2.6, 1.1, and 1.5% increases in EIA treated by BMPs would be required to counteract the effects of EIA added to the watersheds on peak streamflow, stormwater yield, and storm streamflow runoff, respectively. Relations between trends in EIA, BMP implementation, and water quality were counterintuitive. This may be the result of (1) changes in constituent inputs in the watersheds, especially downstream of areas treated by BMPs; (2) BMPs may have increased the duration of stormflow that results in downstream channel erosion; and/or (3) spurious relationships between increases in EIA, BMP implementation, and constituent inputs with development rates.     

丹麦风电调峰调频机制探讨及对中国的启示

研究了丹麦风电调峰调频的机制,分析了日前市场、短期市场与平衡市场对调峰调频的作用,总结了丹麦电网成功调节高穿透率风电波动的原因,提出了对我国的启示。     

瓦斯爆炸引起沉积煤尘爆炸传播实验研究

运用井下大型实验巷道对瓦斯爆炸诱导沉积煤尘爆炸进行实验研究,并对几次实验结果进行对比分析。通过对爆炸压力以及火焰产生、发展、传播过程进行的分析,得出瓦斯爆炸引起沉积煤尘爆炸过程中压力波存在回传现象;在煤尘刚开始参与爆炸处,爆炸超压有一个较长的持续时间;爆炸火焰的传播速度在铺有煤尘段迅速上升,最后有一平缓的上升阶段,过了煤尘段开始下降;火焰区长度约为煤尘区长度的2倍等规律。实验研究发现的规律为有效的预防瓦斯煤尘爆炸事故提供了理论依据。     

“双碳”目标背景下节能监察制度研究

“节能降碳增效行动”是国务院明确的“碳达峰十大行动”之一,节能是控制碳排放最直接的方式,也将伴随碳中和始终,而节能的关键在于提高能源效率。节能监察制度是保障节能与能源效率的关键制度,目前我国节能监察制度存在体制不畅、执法偏软、实效存疑等问题。节能法律制度设计需以提升能源效率为出发点,为节能提供讲效率的制度环境。在碳达峰碳中和目标背景下,节能监察制度的完善应当追求行政效率、执法效率,并与激励性制度相衔接。     

效率视角下中国2030年二氧化碳排放峰值目标的省区分解——基于零和收益DEA模型的研究

实现2030年二氧化碳排放达到峰值不仅是中国在全球气候谈判中做出的国际承诺,也是中国实现经济结构转型的必然选择,而对二氧化碳排放峰值进行合理的区域分解是中国实现二氧化碳排放达峰的必要前提.本文首先对中国2030年二氧化碳排放峰值进行初始的省区分解,利用DEA-BCC模型对初始省区分解方案进行效率评估,在此基础上利用零和收益DEA模型得到全部省区达到有效的中国二氧化碳排放峰值省区分解方案.本文研究表明：1大部分省区初始分解方案的效率值较低,只有2个省区的效率值达到DEA有效,且二氧化碳排放配额比重较大省区的分配效率值较小;2经过零和收益DEA模型的优化,省区分解方案的整体效率最终提升至有效边界,二氧化碳排放配额由效率较低的欠发达地区向效率较高的较发达地区转移,较发达和不发达的两类地区均分配到了较少的二氧化碳排放配额,最终二氧化碳排放权占比较多的地区主要为二氧化碳排放严重但减排潜力较大的省区.文章最后根据本文研究结论提出了具体的碳排放省区分解政策建议.     

北京城区与下游地区臭氧对比研究

2005年6月～2006年9月,分别在北京城区和兴隆对臭氧和气象要素进行了连续观测. 结果表明,除冬季外,北京地区臭氧的产生和消耗速度明显高于兴隆;期间北京和兴隆观测到的臭氧最大值(体积分数)分别为198.9×10^-9和151.2×10^-9. 臭氧超过国家二级标准的时数两地分别为171 h和255 h,北京城区90%以上集中在16:00前,而兴隆夜间臭氧污染占82%. 受到北京输送的影响,兴隆臭氧日变化的最高值出现时间比北京晚3～4 h,但是冬季兴隆受到的影响较小. 兴隆观测到的超标事件与北京的输送具有良好的相关性,持续稳定的天气条件和昼夜循环的局地环流可以导致兴隆臭氧持续积累,并在夜间形成臭氧“双峰”现象. 兴隆的AOT40分别为23.1×10^-6×h、 26.5×10^-6×h、 14.1×10^-6×h,表明北京对下游区域的农业产生具有严重影响.