中国环境行政执法能力建设现状调查与问题分析

环境行政执法能力建设正成为中国环境行政管理体制建设的一个重点.中国已建立起一个四级环境执法体系,最新成立的区域环境督查中心标志着中国环境行政执法体制建设又迈出了新的一步.对85个执法机构,162家企业就环境行政执法机构的人力投入、资金支持、技术保障、执法手段、执法产出、执法阻力、社会动员和企业激励8个方面进行了问卷和访谈形式的调查.从省、市、县三级执法角度全面分析了中国环境行政执法各方面存在的问题.研究认为,中国的环境行政执法总体而言已经建立起一个完备的框架,各地对环境执法日益重视,环境行政执法能力得到了提高;但是环境行政执法随着经济发展、公众环境意识的提高面临着越来越大的压力,承担的任务也更为繁重.为了应对挑战,环境法律、体制和各方面的投入以及执法理念都要进一步改进.     

Why does environmental compliance cost more than penalty?

In the environmental protection field of China, due to “lower law-breaking cost but higher law-abiding cost”, it is a common case that the enterprise chooses to break through the law on purpose. The punishment to the unlawful practices by the law directly decides the law-breaking cost of the enterprise, furthermore, influences the willingness to abide by the law and the trend to break through the law. The law-breaking cost of enterprises is jointly decided by the administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability. However, in China, the enterprises breaking through the law are mainly penalized for the administrative liabilities, focusing less on the civil compensation liability on the environmental damage and criminal liabilities on the environmental crimes. Nevertheless, a complete environmental liability system is composed by administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction, none of which is dispensable. Therefore, the three layers defense could be established on punishing and deterring the environmental law-breakers. Considering all three aspects, administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability, this paper analyzes the systemic disadvantages of the current environmental administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction in China, and investigates the legitimate reasons for the higher law-abiding cost compared with the law-breaking cost, and it is finalized with the measures and suggestions to solve this problem.     

试论安全管理中惩罚的合理应用

介绍了惩罚的定义、类型、作用及负效应。重点阐述了在安全管理中如何科学合理地利用惩罚。     

“比例原则”视野下我国环境执法按日连续处罚制度的完善

"按日连续处罚"制度已经在环境执法中显示了巨大的威慑力,但"按照原处罚数额按日连续处罚"的计罚模式不符合行政法中的"比例原则"。在违法行为"先轻后重"或者"先重后轻"的情形下,都可能造成"过罚不当"的问题。对于初始违法情节类似,但复查时违法情节大相径庭的不同违法者,会出现"不同情节相同处罚"的不公平情形。在现有制度框架下,对于"先重后轻"的违法行为,可以考虑在违法者的改正行为已经取得显著成效的情形下不予按日连续处罚,同时依据《环境行政处罚办法》的规定,将该已经显著减轻的违法排污行为视为新的违法行为进行处罚。对于"先轻后重"的违法行为,可以在进行按日连续处罚时,视具体违法情节动用限产停产、查封扣押或者行政拘留等处罚措施。理想状态下,应当摒弃"按照原处罚数额"按日计罚的规定,改为数据值式的按日计罚,即规定"……拒不改正的,处每日××万元以上××万元以下的罚款",以更好地实现"过罚相当"。为了避免持续性违法行为对环境造成更大的损害,按日计罚的最长期限不宜超过三十日。违法者超过三十日仍然不改正违法行为的,应当及时采取责令限产停产、查封扣押或责令关闭等措施。     

From Obstructionism to Communication: Local,National and Transnational Dimensions of Contestations on the Swedish Wolf Cull Controversy

Two obstructionist ways of doing politics on contentious wildlife management issues currently reflect a legitimacy deficit in official channels for public engagement. The first is that of a pernicious “direct-action” politics, in the form of resort by hunters in rural Sweden to illegal killings of protected wolves over whose policy they contest. The second obstruction is when environmental non-governmental organizations routinely file appeals in higher-level courtrooms contesting democratically mandated wolf cull decisions. Although markedly different when it comes to their categorically deliberative values as well as fidelity to the law, we argue both extra-legal and the litigative phenomena reflect disenfranchisement with the participation channels in which such controversies may be resolved through a public dialogue. We also argue that both possess negative systemic deliberative value inasmuch as they frustrate goals of reaching deliberative consensus, by contributing to a stalled public communication on wolf management. We address this deficit by appeal to recent developments in the theory and practice of mini-publics that promote both the categorical and systemic deliberative value of channeling contestation. In particular, we appeal to a novel conception of hunter-initiated, but citizen controlled, mini-publics as a vehicle for re-starting stalled public communication on wolf conservation.     

《刑法修正案（十一）》背景下污染环境罪刑罚适正性研究

《刑法修正案（十一）》修订呈现出刑事立法对于预防与从严惩处犯罪理念的贯彻,在回应风险社会诉求的同时,立法价值观、犯罪观、刑罚观层面客观存在的二律背反现象,引发了学界对于刑罚介入边界的激烈争论。本文基于648份污染环境罪判决书,利用回归分析对污染环境罪包括有期徒刑、拘役、缓刑在内的多个判决结果与影响因素间的内在机理进行实证分析。研究表明,污染环境罪刑罚存在刑罚力度整体轻缓,金钱类环境责任序位混乱,将环境修复作为量刑情节考量指引效果较弱等问题。针对以上问题,一方面通过宽严相济纾解刑罚适用“轻刑化”之困,并重新区分以危险犯和实害犯为基准的刑罚结构;另一方面通过生态修复规范化建立积极的司法导向,并以此重构罚金刑体系。从而达到犯罪控制与生态恢复双重目的,为污染环境罪刑罚研究添砖加瓦,形成具有中国特色的环境犯罪刑罚治理体系。     

强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道结构的动力接触效应

将地基土-地铁隧道结构体系视为平面应变问题,采用记忆型嵌套面粘塑性动力本构模型和动塑性损伤模型,分别模拟土体和隧道结构混凝土的动力特性,用点-线接触单元模型描述强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道之间的相对滑移,利用罚函数法和拉格朗日乘子法求解动力接触效应,建立土-地铁隧道非线性动力相互作用的有限元分析模型,分析了动力接触效应对地基土-地铁隧道之间的法向接触压应力、切向接触剪应力和切向滑移的影响规律。结果表明:罚函数法比拉格朗日乘子法更适用于求解强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道之间的动力接触问题;与地基土-地铁隧道变形协调假定的计算结果相比较,动力接触效应使地铁隧道的地震加速度反应有所增大。     

基于系统动力学的建筑安全监管博弈研究

为研究影响建筑安全的因素,探讨科学的建筑安全监管策略,在建筑企业与政府安全监管部门具有有限理性的前提下,建立建筑安全监管的演化博弈模型。对稳定状态的分析表明,模型并不总是存在演化稳定策略。在此基础上,建立系统动力学模型,借助数据仿真分析不同变量对建筑安全状况的动态影响。研究结果表明,奖惩力度、监管失误率、监管成本、安全投入、惩罚机制等因素的变化对建筑安全状况产生影响。建筑安全长效监管可从加大对监管部门的奖惩力度、减少监管部门的监管失误率、降低建筑安全监管成本、合理控制安全措施投入、设计合理的建筑企业惩罚机制等方面着手。     

环境行政处罚裁量基准的分格技术控制

人们对环境行政处罚裁量基准克服裁量随意性的功能期待,使裁量基准作为环保部门依法行政的自我改良之举迅速兴起。在此通过将简单的裁量基准分格技术与处罚公式和分格相结合的裁量基准分格技术进行对比,分清了不同分格技术的优劣,提出了完善措施。     

Vested Interest theory and disaster preparedness

Three studies were designed to extend a combination of vested interest theory (VI) and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals (EPPM) to provide formative research for creating more effective disaster preparedness social action campaigns. The aim was to develop an effective VI scale for assessing individual awareness and ‘vestedness’ relevant to disaster preparedness. Typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis on earthquakes and tornados in particular. Brief overviews of VI and the EPPM are offered, and findings are presented from three studies (one dealing with earthquakes, and two with tornados) conducted to determine the factor structure of the key VI components involved, and to develop and test subscales derived from the two theories. The paper finishes with a discussion of future research needs and suggestions on how the new subscales may be applied in the design and execution of more effective disaster preparedness campaigns.