排污费征收中的若干法律问题

本文以国家法律法规为依据,按照引政法原理,对环境监理机构在征收排污费中的行政主体资格、程序要件以及行政处罚等问题,从理论和实践的结合上进行了有益的探讨。     

不确定理论下带惩罚机制的城市污水处理期望收益模型

为了防止政府与污水处理企业在委托代理关系中的“道德风险”,在引入惩罚机制背景下,构建了不确定期望收益模型,以解决城市污水处理问题.基于不确定理论,将模型转化为非线性约束规划,进一步证明了模型可行解的存在性.结合数值算例,对模型进行验证.用控制变量方法,通过对不确定指数、惩罚率、无风险处理量的分析,得出企业签约量与收益、风险成正比,惩罚率与企业签约量、收益成反比,企业无风险处理量与企业签约量、收益成正比.可见,引入惩罚机制能够有效防止企业投机行为,并对降低企业“道德风险”具有显著作用.     

环保处罚事件对“两高”上市公司股价的影响分析

手工搜集的2007—2017年49家"两高"上市公司的67个环保处罚样本,涉及化工、钢铁、煤炭开采等六个行业,采用事件研究法对环保处罚发布前后股票市场的反应进行了实证研究,并估算了每个环保处罚事件给企业带来的市值损失。研究发现,在环保处罚公示当日,股价大幅下跌,带来显著为负的异常收益率,最多的下跌了7.72%,并且这种影响可以持续到次日。从事件日后的第二天开始,这种负面影响不再显著,表现为平均异常收益率不再显著。但其造成的股价下跌是短时间内无法恢复的,因其累积平均异常收益率持续显著为负。在市值损失方面,67家上市公司平均损失了约2.85亿元市值,最多的损失了约48.5亿元,整个样本的总市值损失约为191亿元。     

安全生产的《刑法》规制探析

以行政责任为主的安全生产法律责任模式在我国的安全生产中发挥了重要的作用。但是,随着我国生产力的发展和生产规模的扩大,仅仅依靠行政处罚不能促使生产经营单位真正承担起安全生产主体责任,安全生产实践活动表现出了强烈的刑罚诉求,没有刑罚的威慑作用作为支撑,安全生产工作的成效就难以保障。虽然安全生产法律体系中规定了不少刑事责任的内容,但现行安全生产法律制度与刑法相关制度之间的衔接存在众多问题。通过探析两者之间存在的问题和联系,实现《安全生产法》与《刑法》的无缝对接,充分发挥《刑法》的安全生产规制功能,促进安全发展理念的落实。     

The deterrent effect of increasing fixed penalties for traffic offences: the Norwegian experience

PROBLEM: Many motorized countries use fixed penalties to deter the most common traffic violations. Fixed penalties are usually given at the spot by a police officer. If the offender accepts the fixed penalty, no court hearing or trial is held. During the years 1995-2004, the rates for fixed penalties for traffic offences in Norway increased substantially. This paper evaluates the effects on compliance of these increases. METHOD: Regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of increases in fixed penalties. RESULTS: For speeding in general, no effect of increasing fixed penalties can be found. For speeding close to speed camera sites, there is a weak tendency for the violation rate to go down. This tendency is not statistically significant at conventional levels. For seat belt wearing, wearing rates are found to increase as fixed penalties have increased. In recent years, however, enforcement of the seat belt law has stepped up, making it impossible to separate the effect of enforcement from that of fixed penalties. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: It has been suggested that the police may adapt to stricter penalties by reducing enforcement or by adopting larger tolerance margins for violations. Available evidence does not support this hypothesis.