障碍墙对人员疏散影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究出口前障碍墙对人员疏散的影响,采用数值模拟的方法分析了不同人员密度以及不同障碍墙设置条件下的人员疏散过程。结果表明,障碍墙的存在增加了疏散距离,从而增加人员疏散时间,且人员密度越大,疏散时间的延滞越严重;障碍墙与出口的距离不宜小于出口宽度,两者距离小于出口宽度时会严重降低出口的流量系数,增加人员疏散时间,两者距离达到出口宽度时对人员疏散的影响较小;障碍墙的长度不宜超过出口宽度,长度不超过出口宽度的障碍墙对出口的流量系数影响较小,长度大于出口宽度的障碍墙严重降低出口的流量系数,增加疏散时间。随着出口宽度增加,疏散时间减少,障碍墙会降低出口的有效宽度。研究结果为实际工程设计及应用提供了一定的参考依据。     

地铁火灾的防范与疏散

随着地铁业的不断发展,地铁产生的安全问题日渐受到关注,如何有效地预防地铁事故和减少地铁事故所造成的损失已对地铁部门提出了一个严峻挑战.针对具有代表性的地铁火灾事故,分析了地铁火灾事故的特征,并提出相应的预防措施.对地铁火灾事故发生后,如何有效地进行疏散和应急处理给予了论述,对进一步提高对地铁火灾的预防和应急处理能力有指导作用.     

基于GIS的危险化学气体泄漏事故应急响应研究

为了研究危险化学气体泄漏事故扩散过程以及受灾人员疏散规划问题。提出以GIS为“连接器”,将危险化学气体的泄漏和扩散过程模拟、气体扩散风险分析和最优疏散方案生成3个过程进行集成,实现泄漏事故的综合应急响应。研究结果显示:方法能针对各类泄漏事故模拟气体的动态扩散过程,并生成受灾人员疏散规划方案,有助于应急处置机构及时决策,进而减少生命财产的损失。     

基于不同时段人群特征的地铁疏散仿真研究

针对地铁不同运行时段人群特征对疏散的影响,对每小时进入地铁站人数进行观测,将地铁运行时段分为高峰时段、平峰时段与低峰时段,并对各时段某一时刻列车到站数量进行记录。对不同运行时段的年龄、携带行李情况、速度等人群特征进行观测记录,根据各时段人群特征对地铁站进行Pathfinder疏散仿真建模。从疏散用时、拥堵点、人员疏散路径、出口利用率等方面对各运行时段人员疏散仿真结果进行分析,得到高峰时段两列列车同时到站时,疏散拥堵现象明显,且两列列车到站与1列车到站两种情况下的人员疏散存在一定差异;平峰与低峰时段两列列车同时到站疏散拥堵点明显,出口利用率情况较为一致。最后,对提高地铁疏散效率提出几点建议措施:注重时段差异性的地铁疏散管理;增强拥堵点的疏散引导;缩短列车行车间隔。     

关于高层建筑中几个消防问题的探讨

根据目前国内高层建筑的状况,结合所发生的火灾特点,提出了在消防方面应引起重视的几个问题。还给出了处理这些问题的建议和防治方法,并指出在高层建筑中,若所有电梯都设计成消防电梯,同时少建裙房,必将有助于减少火灾造成的损失     

建筑内人员疏散的一种网络模型算法的讨论

针对疏散模型问题进行了一些讨论,在分析疏散模型的基础上,认为网络模型较为适合工程应用,确定发展网络疏散模型。在讨论网络疏散模型路径时,首先将整个建筑物模型划分为四种不同的结构,并假设了模型成立的条件,再按照典型的流量限制原理和该单元内疏散的特点,分别讨论了这四种不同类型的结构的算法。     

Hurricane Katrina‐linked environmental injustice: race,class, and place differentials in attitudes

Claims of environmental injustice, human neglect, and racism dominated the popular and academic literature after Hurricane Katrina struck the United States in August 2005. A systematic analysis of environmental injustice from the perspective of the survivors remains scanty or nonexistent. This paper presents, therefore, a systematic empirical analysis of the key determinants of Katrina‐induced environmental injustice attitudes among survivors in severely affected parishes (counties) in Louisiana and Mississippi three years into the recovery process. Statistical models based on a random sample of survivors were estimated, with the results revealing significant predictors such as age, children in household under 18, education, homeownership, and race. The results further indicate that African‐Americans were more likely to perceive environmental injustice following Katrina than their white counterparts. Indeed, the investigation reveals that there are substantial racial gaps in measures of environmental injustice. The theoretical, methodological, and applied policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

Drivers of local people’s participation in sustainable natural resource management: a case study in central Iran

The driving forces behind natural resource management (NRM) vary among countries. Most NRM programmes focus on biophysical drivers such as soil, water and vegetation, with little attention directed towards the nuanced sociocultural and religious drivers of sustainable natural resource management (SNRM) practices. This paper explores those understudied drivers that influence local people’s participation (LPP) in SNRM in Isfahan, Iran. Using a multi-stage stratified sampling method, we selected 200 natural resource experts and natural resource users to complete a questionnaire about their perceptions of SNRM. Results reveal that sociocultural and religious beliefs are the major drivers of SNRM. The results also indicate that subsidiary drivers include: a sense of responsibility towards SNRM; the conviction that natural resources belong to God and should therefore be preserved; participation to preserve natural resources because of training courses and media influence; a long-established custom of preserving natural resources; and the specific impact of environmental television programmes. Demographic analysis finds a significant relationship between educational level and LPP in SNRM. This study’s results therefore suggest that natural resource managers would benefit from a deeper understanding of the local sociocultural and religious contexts that motivate people to participate in SNRM.     

Advanced rescue techniques: lessons learned from the collapse of a building in Nairobi, Kenya

This paper examines the collapse of a five-storey building in Nairobi, Kenya, on 23 January 2006. It draws on reports from local authorities and on debriefings by Israel's Home Front Command (HFC), including information on injury distribution, rescue techniques, and the mode of operation. Most of the 117 people found under the structure were evacuated on the first day to a public hospital, which was overwhelmed by the incident. HFC forces arrived 23 hours after the disaster. At that stage, two people were still buried under the building and special techniques (tunnelling and scalping) were required to secure their evacuation. The two people quickly recovered after a short stay in hospital. Local technology is the preferred option during such events because time is crucial. International cooperation is required when this technology is not available. All of the hospitals in the disaster area, including private facilities, should participate in treating casualties.     

大型公共场所人群拥挤踩踏事故机理初探

近年来的事故灾害统计分析表明人群拥挤踩踏事故已逐步成为大型公共聚集场所的主要人为事故灾害类型之一.与火灾等常见人为事故灾害不同,人群拥挤踩踏事故的发生极其突然,社会影响重大.从人群拥挤踩踏事故的致因机理及承载体人群的运动规律开展相关研究,基于风险理论、事故突变等理论方法提出了人群拥挤踩踏事故风险(四阶段)理论,并构建了理论模型,对理论模型中的参数求解进行了阐述.人群拥挤踩踏事故风险理论研究可以为揭示人群聚集相关事故成因机制及形成演变规律提供一些有益的尝试及参考,其中的相关理论模型可供大型建筑(如奥运赛场)性能化设计、人群安全疏散及管理等工作参考.