基于改进Togawa模型的人员疏散时间预测模型研究

为解决传统疏散模型在计算人员疏散时间时参数不确定的问题,采用离散算法和Fruin模型对传统的Togawa疏散模型进行改进,先将时间离散为多个微小单元,假设各时间单元内人流密度不变,然后通过Fruin模型确定Togawa模型参数值,并运用迭代法累计各单元时间得到疏散时间,提高了计算的精确度.以辽宁工程技术大学博雅楼紧急情况下人员疏散为例进行分析,结果表明,改进的Togawa疏散模型预测的人员疏散时间与实际疏散时间相对误差为3.6％,预测精确度较高.     

体育馆中人员安全疏散的仿真分析

针对现今公共活动中的人群踩踏事故频发问题,应用计算机仿真技术研究紧急情况下建筑物中人群逃生规律及设施优化方法。设置人员体质、移动余值、出口逃生条件等因素,扩展元胞自动机(CA)行人流模型。利用Matlab语言实现可视化模拟。对莱阳市某体育馆进行人流疏散模拟,分析得到其安全设施的最佳设定参数,实现优化目的。结果表明:该体育馆仿真疏散完成总时间为103.5 s,可引发踩踏事故的疏散危险期长达49.0 s,疏散危险期长度为判断踩踏事故发生可能性的重要指标;出口宽度、数量均与疏散时间呈负相关,且均存在疏散能力饱和点。据此提出将宽度改建为2.5 m、数量增加到6个的优化方案,此方案疏散危险期为9.0 s,疏散总时间缩短到33.5 s。     

建筑火灾中智能疏散诱导系统对人群疏散影响的仿真

采用改进的元胞自动机模型,引入视觉效应和听觉效应系数,模拟不同人员在混合行为模式下的疏散过程,通过改变诱导信号对人群疏散的作用范围,研究智能疏散诱导系统的视觉诱导、听觉诱导及双重诱导对人员疏散过程的影响,给出一种基于多参数的智能动态标识算法.结果表明:该系统通过对声、光指示器等诱导标识的实时控制,给出人群疏散的动态标识路径,指示疏散人员选择合理的疏散行为模式,从而提高疏散效率;在不同行为模式下,借助声、光双重诱导机制,选择正确的疏散诱导标识的数量、位置和方向,扩大疏散诱导标识的影响范围,可以有效缩短疏散时间;根据基于多参数的智能动态标识算法,控制动态疏散线路标识的工作状态,给出疏散人群的动态标识路径,能够提高人群的疏散效率.     

恐怖袭击引发的危险品运输事故人员疏散范围研究

针对恐怖袭击引发危险品运输事故人员疏散的特性,构建了危险品运输事故人员疏散范围模型.在恐怖袭击条件下,以瞬时泄漏高斯扩散模型、蒸气云爆炸模型、BLEVE火球动态计算模型作为不同事故场景后果评价模型,考虑恐怖袭击特性,引入恐慌系数对模型进行修正,并提出不同危害等级对应恐慌系数的度量方法,继而构建恐怖袭击下危险品运输事故的人员疏散范围模型.实例计算结果表明,所建模型合理可行,泄漏事故的人员疏散范围近似椭圆状,其影响范围近似气球剖面,且随与事故中心距离增加而扩大.垂直于下风向的横向扩散距离先增大后减小.爆炸事故和火灾事故人员疏散范围呈圆形分布,爆炸冲击波超压和火灾热辐射剂量与到事故中心的距离呈幂律递减规律.对比分析发现,恐怖袭击条件下的人员疏散范围比常规条件下的人员疏散范围大,并且疏散修正面积随与事故点距离增加而减小.     

Inadvertent environmentalism and the action–value opportunity: reflections from studies at both ends of the generational spectrum

A recent turn towards a more contextually sensitive apprehension of the challenge of making everyday life less resource hungry has been partly underwritten by widespread evidence that the environmental values people commonly profess to hold do not often translate into correspondingly low impact actions. Yet sometimes the contexts of everyday life can also conspire to make people limit their consumption without ever explicitly connecting this to the environmental agenda. This paper considers this phenomenon with reference to UK studies from both ends of the generational spectrum. The first questioned how older people keep warm at home during winter and the second examined how young people get rid of no longer wanted possessions. Both found that, though the respondents involved were acting in certain ways that may be deemed comparatively low impact, they were hitherto relatively indifferent to the idea of characterising these actions as such. We outline three ways in which sustainability advocates might respond to the existence of such “inadvertent environmentalists” and consider how they might inspire studies that generate fresh intervention ideas instead of lingering on the dispiriting recognition that people do not often feel able to act for the environment.     

考虑人口老龄化的地铁安全疏散仿真研究

为研究老龄化程度对地铁安全疏散的影响,基于人口统计学数据,运用多智能体仿真方法模拟2050年人口老龄化情况下徐州市某地铁站乘客疏散情况,并通过视觉智能识别方法验证仿真模型对地铁乘客疏散描述的准确性。研究结果表明:老龄化比例增加一定程度上会使疏散时间增加,老龄化比例对总体疏散时间的影响程度与疏散总人数有关,疏散总人数越低,随着老龄化比例的增加整体疏散时间显著增加。     

Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 M_w 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.     

露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为研究——以抚顺西露天矿区为例

为探究露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素,基于社会认知理论视角,引入中介变量个人规范,将应急安全疏散行为划分为应急安全疏散遵守行为和参与行为,构建露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素理论模型,并以抚顺西露天矿区周边居民为调查对象,依据272份有效样本进行结构方程实证检验.结果表明:露天矿区突发...     

高层建筑人员疏散模型及其验证

介绍了我们开发的高层建筑人员疏散的计算机模型BuildGEM,并对人员疏散建模方法进行了深入的分析,同时利用教学楼中的学生疏散演习对模型进行了验证,证明了模型具有较好的准确性。     

Cyclone disaster vulnerability and response experiences in coastal Bangladesh

For generations, cyclones and tidal surges have frequently devastated lives and property in coastal and island Bangladesh. This study explores vulnerability to cyclone hazards using first‐hand coping recollections from prior to, during and after these events. Qualitative field data suggest that, beyond extreme cyclone forces, localised vulnerability is defined in terms of response processes, infrastructure, socially uneven exposure, settlement development patterns, and livelihoods. Prior to cyclones, religious activities increase and people try to save food and valuable possessions. Those in dispersed settlements who fail to reach cyclone shelters take refuge in thatched‐roof houses and big‐branch trees. However, women and children are affected more despite the modification of traditional hierarchies during cyclone periods. Instinctive survival strategies and intra‐community cooperation improve coping post cyclone. This study recommends that disaster reduction programmes encourage cyclone mitigation while being aware of localised realities, endogenous risk analyses, and coping and adaptation of affected communities (as active survivors rather than helpless victims).