地铁车站人员疏散离散时间模型研究

疏散时间对于保证地铁车站这类复杂建筑结构内人群的安全至关重要,本文借鉴群集流动理论建立了用于计算地铁车站人群移动时间的疏散离散时间模型(EDTM),模型中的人群流动系数取值不同于传统计算公式中的常量,依据的是经典的车站人群密度与速度函数关系式。将此模型用于某地铁车站站台层,求解楼梯出口疏散人数与时间的关系,并与Building EXODUS疏散软件的模拟结果以及传统地铁车站疏散时间计算公式的计算结果进行了对比,分析表明,EDTM计算结果与EXODUS疏散模拟结果非常接近,且比传统公式计算更为精确和符合实际情况。该计算模型可以为地铁车站人群疏散时间计算、建筑出口性能化设计,以及地铁车站事故应急预案的制定提供更有效的工具。     

航空器内人员应急疏散仿真模型研究

详细分析了航空器内人员应急疏散模型中人的行为和运动过程、事故场景的危险性对人的行为影响、机组和舱内设施对人员疏散的影响等方面的特点,并全面讨论了这些模型的仿真与事故场景和全尺寸实验的验证对比结果。提出了航空器内人员应急疏散模型应该包括航空器几何模型、人员特征模型、人员行为模型、火灾模型和人员运动模型等5个子模型,以及各子模型的研究内容。同时,提出了人的行为描述和人的运动过程的计算机实现方法是影响紧急状况下人员疏散模型准确性的两个关键问题。研究结果表明:模型仿真在航空器的辅助设计、乘客的疏散优化和机组的应急程序开发等方面有应用价值,但模型的有效性验证困难限制了其更进一步的应用。     

基于性能化设计的某大型游乐场人员疏散研究

作为新兴的室内大型娱乐场所,游乐场建筑规模大,功能复杂,现行建筑防火设计规范已不能完全适用于这类建筑,因而其消防安全问题极为突出。基于性能化防火设计方法,利用疏散模拟软件STEPS对某大型游乐场人员疏散进行了模拟计算,评估了其人员疏散的安全性,并给出了保证人员安全疏散的建议,所得结果对类似场所的人员疏散具有指导意义。     

基于Fluent的开县井喷事故后果模拟与分析

对开县井喷事故的相关资料进行了收集整理,确定了数值模拟所需的初始条件、边界条件. 以计算流体力学为主要技术工具,通过Fluent软件对开放空间大范围毒气扩散事故进行模拟;根据收集到的资料确定了模拟结果的符合性检验标准并进行检验,结合急性中毒标准,对模拟结果进行了分析,特别对风速和地形的影响进行了深入研究. 结果表明,事故发生时H₂S高浓度积聚的主要原因是开县的地形条件. 事故发生时的静风条件不利于气体对流和扩散,加剧了H₂S的积聚,重气效应虽然对浓度积聚有一定影响,但不是主要的决定因素. 针对H₂S在人员呼吸面上造成的毒效应的分析表明,由于H₂S分子量与空气接近,有可能在任何高度上出现高浓度,所以不能考虑向高处疏散人员的方案.      

考虑主动避让行为的养老场所人员疏散研究

为明确主动避让行为对养老场所人员疏散的影响,建立考虑主动避让弱势群体行为的元胞自动机模型,模型分别考虑避让弱势群体前方行走区域、斜前方行走区域、前方和斜前方行走区域对人员疏散的影响;分析不同避让方式下弱势群体比例、行人密度、弱势群体位置分布对整体疏散结果的影响.结果 表明:主动避让弱势群体行为能够降低疏散时间,增加疏散...     

How to Discredit a Social Movement: Negative Framing of “Idle No More” in Canadian Print Media

The Idle No More (INM) movement entered public view in November 2012 as a grassroots response to Canadian federal legislation Bill C-45, an omnibus bill that reduced environmental protection of lands and waters. Backed by new media technologies, Indigenous activists and their Settler Canadian allies took a series of online and offline actions to bring public attention to Bill C-45’s devastating implications and the socio-economic sufferings of Indigenous people across Canada. This explorative study examines how INM was reported by nine Canadian print media during its initial upsurge from December 2012 to January 2013. A mixed-methods content analysis reveals that although there were numerous supportive voices discussing INM’s contributions to Indigenous self-determination and environmental protection, they were overwhelmed by anti-INM rhetoric advanced by Postmedia Network and its affiliated titles. The study thus highlights the importance of promoting communication and media alternatives for future struggles against capitalism’s appropriation of nature.     

Emergency evacuation model assuming leakage of toxic substances in a chemical plant

Preparedness of emergency evacuation for the leakage of toxic substances in chemical plants is very important in order to reduce damage. In order to implement an emergency evacuation properly, it is necessary to comprehensively and concretely determine the conditions of the leakage and atmospheric conditions and predict the consequences of the dispersed gases. Repeated training for emergencies is also essential. In order to realize effective evacuation, a prediction model of the evacuation area that anyone can use to obtain the same results both accurately and promptly is developed in the present study. The prediction model is designed such that the wind speed and atmospheric conditions are automatically set, and the leakage rate is the only input parameter, so that anyone can use the model easily. In addition, the model can also predict the atmospheric parameters for up to 3 h and can calculate the evacuation distance so that smooth evacuation can be achieved for changing atmospheric conditions. Finally, the evacuation area is defined by statistically analysed wind fluctuations, and a series of emergency evacuation measures is implemented.     

Covid-19 lockdown and physical distancing policies are elitist: towards an indigenous (Afro-centred) approach to containing the pandemic in sub-urban slums in Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This study explores the experience of the sub-urban slum residents in Okpoko (Anambra State), Ngwa-road Aba (Abia State), Ajegunle (Lagos State) and Gwagwalada (Abuja), to underscore the elitist and western contexts of Covid-19 lockdown and physical distancing policies. The study apprehends these policies as being counter-productive due to Nigeria’s peculiar socio-economic circumstances, and brainstorms on the need and prospects for adaption and institutionalisation of an indigenous Afro-centred approach towards the containment of the Covid-19 pandemic. The use of herbal mixtures or local concoctions such as parboiled garlic cloves, lemon and ginger juice in the treatment and/or prevention of Covid-19 pandemic is a popular home-grown indigenous approach/practice which is generally believed to have inhibitory effects against Covid-19 by majority of the local people. These herbal remedies should be formally investigated, validated and encouraged in Nigeria as an alternative indigenous approach for the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 pandemic.     

多层建筑楼梯疏散宽度组合仿真研究

为探究事故发生时楼梯宽度对多层建筑疏散效率的影响,结合多层建筑楼梯疏散特点,建立多层建筑楼梯疏散模型。基于多层建筑疏散过程,以社会力模型为基础,分析多层建筑行人疏散方式,构建楼梯疏散汇流模型;计算各楼层行人汇流时间以及楼梯汇流疏散效率;以某多层教学楼为仿真案例,构建不同楼梯宽度组合疏散场景,仿真多层建筑物疏散过程,获取各楼层汇流时间及楼梯疏散效率。结果表明:楼层平台汇流持续时间与楼层所在位置正相关,楼层所在位置越高,汇流持续时间越长;低楼层楼梯宽度增加有利于优化中间楼层行人汇流作用,提高多层建筑疏散效率,而高楼层楼梯宽度增加则会加剧中间楼层行人汇流对疏散的不利影响,降低多层建筑疏散效率。     

地铁站异质人群疏散折返行为模拟分析

为了解折返行为对异质人群的疏散影响,应用Pathfinder软件对地铁站异质人群突发状况下疏散折返行为进行研究。对人员面对不同情景时的折返意向进行调研,分析了疏散楼梯宽度、折返人员比例、折返位置、列车到站数量、折返人员类型等对地铁站疏散速率以及疏散时间的影响。研究结果表明:折返比例、折返距离和难度与稳定疏散期疏散速率呈负相关,与疏散时间呈正相关,疏散楼梯宽度倍数则反之;地铁站停靠的列车数量与疏散时间呈正相关;肩越窄、运动速度越快,稳定疏散期的疏散速率越大、整体疏散时间短。