小群体行为作用下的地铁站疏散模型研究

为研究小群体行为作用对地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率的影响,基于社会力模型理论和智能体技术,构建地铁站人群疏散模型。分析小群体趋向性、协调一致性等行为特征,运用社会力模型理论,计算小群体成员移动速度;量化小群体行为对群体内部成员作用大小,修正成员期望速度,确定人群疏散速度;以某地铁站火灾事故为例,分别模拟单人疏散场景和混合疏散场景。研究结果表明:混合疏散场景仿真时间比单人疏散场景仿真时间延长12.29%,平均绕行距离比单人疏散增加38.8%,小群体行为降低了地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率。     

基于蚁群算法的烟气中人员疏散路径选择优化

针对火灾烟气环境下的人员疏散问题,分析人员密度以及烟气能见度对疏散速度以及最佳疏散路径的影响。首先,得到烟气及人员密度对疏散速度的修正函数,并将该函数同蚁群算法的启发式信息函数进行耦合;其次,改进蚁群算法求解最佳路径的局限性,建立1种基于蚁群算法的人员疏散路径算法模型;最后,将算法模型应用于实例研究。研究结果表明:所提出的模型可较好地优化人员疏散路径,并进一步提高人员疏散效率。     

基于FDS+EVAC的某高校学生宿舍楼火灾疏散能力研究

针对高校学生宿舍火灾事故频发、人员疏散难的问题,选取某高校南区的一栋标准宿舍楼作为研究对象,根据实际情况,利用FDS+EVAC软件建立几何模型,设置火灾场景及疏散相关参数,模拟宿舍发生火灾时火灾的发生发展过程,以及人员在火灾情景下的疏散行为;对软件模拟结果进行分析研究,得出可用安全疏散时间和必需安全疏散时间,将这2个时间进行对比判断,评价该宿舍楼的安全性能不达标;对比现行的标准规范,认为该宿舍楼不符合安全标准规范的要求,必须采取合理有效措施增加可用安全疏散时间或降低必需安全疏散时间;最后,通过FDS+EVAC模拟结果对比,结合宿舍楼的实际情况,给出合理的整改建议。研究成果可为高校学生宿舍楼的火灾安全性能分析和改进,提供参考和借鉴。     

人因习惯心理对安全疏散的影响研究

针对人员习惯心理的影响因素及其对安全疏散的影响问题,提出一种综合考虑习惯心理和恐慌、从众心理影响下的人员出口选择计算方法。通过问卷调查和访谈,获得人员在熟悉环境中产生习惯心理的原因,采用Pathfinder软件模拟某高校学生食堂的安全疏散情况,得到习惯心理及恐慌、从众心理综合影响下安全疏散时间、出口使用效率以及人员个体疏散时间的差异。结果表明:“目的导向”是人员在熟悉环境中形成习惯心理的主要因素;在人员聚集程度大的方位设计宽度较大的出口,以及在人员习惯的行进方向设计建筑物的主要出口,可以有效提高建筑物紧急疏散的效率。     

基于电力线载波的LED消防指示灯的设计与实现

设计的基于电力线载波的LED消防指示灯系统包括上位机、电力线载波模块、单片机最小系统和LED点阵显示模组等部分,采用电力线载波通信的方式将信号借助消防应急电源的专线传输到上位机系统,降低了施工的材料成本和人工成本。实验结果表明,系统可以动态显示,光流引导,有利于被困人员的识别,符合火灾现场被困人员的心理状态和思维能力,可以作为智能消防、应急、疏散控制系统的重要组成部分,集成到智慧消防系统解决方案中。     

典型学生人群对疏散指示反应特性的初步研究

本文针对典型学生人群对疏散指示的反应特性开展了初步的实验,分析了试验者给出的能见度主观评价（主观能见度）的统计结果,得出了影响主观能见度的因素：疏散指示的亮度、大小和颜色。与统计实验同步使用固定增益、自动光圈、手动调焦的CCD摄像机获取了距疏散指示不同距离的场景,结合图像处理的方法实验获得了疏散指示的亮度、对比度信息。基于此,并考虑疏散指示大小和颜色对能见度的影响,提出了一种主观能见度评价的心理模型,较好地符合了统计实验结果,可以用来评价疏散指示主观能见度。     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.     

Influence of environmental street characteristics on walking route choice of elderly people

Walking is an important source of outdoor physical activity among elderly people. In order to devise measures aimed at encouraging walking among the elderly it is important to understand how the local environment influences the walking behaviour of elderly people. Here, a model describing the influence of environmental street characteristics on the walking route choice of elderly people is presented. Techniques adapted from the field of transportation research were employed within the model. Data concerning the walking route choice to specific destinations reported by 364 independently living elderly residents (55–80 years) from three Dutch urban districts were collected. Route choice was modelled within a ‘Geographic Information System’ (GIS) database by using ‘resistance factors’ to describe the resistance to walking of street sections (i.e. links) within the street network. These factors were optimized by minimizing the difference between the estimated and the reported number of trips along each link. This is, to the authors' knowledge the first time that this technique has been applied within this context. The influence of link characteristics on link resistance was investigated by multivariate linear regression. The first results of the route choice model and the influence of street characteristics on route choice are reported and discussed.     

湖南古村落的物质安全防御研究

基于湖南现存的一些古村落,从物质安全防御角度出发,对古村落在基地选址、整体布局、空间形态等方面所采用的安全防御进行研究。通过分析湖南当地居民的主要物质防御手段即利用山水作为村落的自然屏障、团结所有村民进行集群防御与在村落内部层层设防等方法,指出湖南古村落物质防御的有效性和科学性对当今社会安居工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

“改善”在军品全面质量管理和质量改进中作用的探讨

质量改进是武器装备研制过程的重要质量过程之一。根据全面质量管理的理念,结合个人的实际工作经验以及实际案例,对"改善"这一活动进行定义,并对如何开展改善活动进行了阐述和说明,从而促进质量持续改进。