Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area： A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, China

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture （Gannan） as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carded out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan＇s natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.     

平面交叉口交通冲突安全评价失效分析及改进方法研究

在对传统的交通冲突安全评价方法失效原因分析的基础上,提出了交叉口交通冲突安全评价的改进方法,该方法避免了与冲突无关的交通流影响评价结果的现象。与传统方法对交叉口整体评价不同,该方法对交叉口内部的各类交通冲突类型分别进行冲突分析,再运用欧几里德贴近度评价法对交叉口进行综合交通安全评价。该方法能准确地评价交叉口整体安全状况,能分析出交叉口内部的安全问题,是一种实用的城市道路平面交叉口交通安全评价方法。在我国部分城市的城市道路交叉口的交通冲突安全评价应用中取得了良好的效果。     

建筑行业劳动防护用品事故统计分析

为了解我国建筑行业劳动防护用品事故情况,对近九年建筑企业19723起事故数据进行统计分析。结果表明:建筑行业的劳动防护用品事故从整体上看,呈下降趋势,但劳动防护用品缺少或缺陷仍然是建筑企业事故重要影响因素。不同时间段、不同地域、不同类型的建筑企业劳动防护用品工作存在差异,建议相关企业及所在地区的政府监管部门加强劳动防护用品管理和监督检查工作。     

独头巷道受限贴附射流有效射程的 理论研究与数值计算

为了探讨独头巷道受限贴附射流通风有效射程,利用巷道断面面积与风筒出流射流直径,定义了独头巷道射流的受限程度,采用理论分 析与数值计算方法,推导了受限射流无因次距离与沿程断面位置、断面流量和断面平均流速之间的关系式,建立了独头巷道受限贴附射流流动 特性模型。利用该模型,开展了8个不同工况下受限贴附射流的数值计算。结果表明,在受限的情况下,射流区无因次最大截面积出现在无因次 距离为0.200 0处,而无因次最大截面流量位于无因次距离为0.187 5处。理论推导和计算结果表明,所得模型和计算方法能更为准确预测受限 贴附射流的有效射程。     

Determination and occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds,pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish (Morone saxatilis)

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs and PPCPs in fish blood, bile and muscle by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were in the ranges of 0.23–2.54, 0.22–2.36 ng·mL⁻¹, and 0.24–2.57 ng·g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) for fish blood, bile and muscle, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 65% to 95%, from 60% to 92% and from 62% to 91% for blood, bile and muscle, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of fish from a lake in California. Target compounds were relatively low in bile, and only bisphenol A (BPA) and diclofenac were measurable near the LOQ. Seven of 13 compounds were detected in blood, with total concentrations up to 39 ng·mL⁻¹. Only BPA was frequently found in muscle, with mean concentration of 7.26 ng·g⁻¹ dw. The estimated daily intake of BPA through fish consumption for U.S. resident was significantly lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. This study showed that the exposure to the bisphenol A from fish diet is unlikely to pose a health risk.     

甘肃白龙江流域景观生态风险评价及其时空分异

以我国典型生态环境过渡带——甘肃白龙江流域为对象,借助GIS技术和Fragstats软件,基于土地利用变化的生境脆弱度和景观生态损失度构建了流域景观生态综合生态风险评价模型,并利用空间自相关分析方法,开展了土地利用变化及其生态风险评价与时空分异研究.结果表明:1990~2010年白龙江流域土地利用变化明显,林地和建设用地呈现增长趋势,耕地和草地面积呈现减少,未利用地和水域则呈波动变化.研究区景观生态风险空间分布差异明显,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部、东部和南部.同时,各风险等级上呈现“两头小中间大”的趋势,即中等风险区面积呈扩张的态势,低风险区和高风险区呈减弱的趋势.流域景观生态风险具有显著的空间集聚特征,其生态风险值呈现显著的空间正相关关系,这可能是流域生态风险时空分布与土地利用强度、土地利用结构及人类活动之间关系密切.     

基于序次Probit模型的航道船舶碰撞危险度研究

船舶碰撞严重威胁着船舶水上航行的安全,船舶碰撞危险度的研究能够为船舶避碰提供有效的预防手段和合理的科学依据。选取航道船舶碰撞危险度作为状态变量,选取船舶会遇方式、风速和能见度作为控制变量,运用序次Probit模型拟合出碰撞危险度状态方程。分别对人为判断和序次Probit模型的碰撞危险度利用插值技术,描绘出控制变量对状态变量的作用效果变化特征图。研究结果表明,拟合状态方程可以良好地表征系统状态的连续变化特征,序次Probit模型能够有效克服人为判断的不确定性。     

基于熵权法和物元分析的采空区危险性评价研究

为了更精确合理地评价采空区危险性,针对采空区危险性评价中涉及的各因素复杂性和不相容性特点,运用熵权法与物元分析建立采空区危险性评价模型。从地质条件和工程实际出发,考虑采空区稳定性的14项影响因素,基于多指标优化融合的思想,通过物元变换建立采空区危险性评价的物元体系,计算评价指标对评价等级的关联度,引入熵权法确定评价指标的权重,然后根据采空区危险性对评价等级的关联度确定采空区危险性等级。将该方法用于评价湖南冷水江锡矿山8个采空区的危险性,得出其危险性等级分别为Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅳ级,该评价结果与实际情况相符。