几种改性磷肥的X射线衍射特征初报

运用X射线衍射技术对改性磷肥的结构进行研究,发现其晶体结构发生了较大的变化;这种晶体结构的变化减少了改性磷肥中有效磷在土壤中的固定,从而大大提高了其生物有效性,是生物量增加的主要原因。     

增施磷肥对提高强酸性高硒茶园土壤硒有效性的效果

通过大田试验,研究了增施钙镁磷肥、过磷酸钙及与生物有机肥混施共6种调控措施对强酸性高硒茶园土壤基本化学性质、土壤有效硒和茶叶中硒质量比的调控效果.结果表明,不同磷肥及不同用量处理对土壤有效硒质量比增加均有效果,高用量的3种处理(钙镁磷肥高用量与生物有机肥混施、钙镁磷肥高用量和过磷酸钙高用量)效果好于正常用量的处理(钙镁磷肥正常用量与生物有机肥混施、钙镁磷肥正常用量、过磷酸钙正常用量),且用量相同的情况下,伴有生物有机肥的磷肥处理效果最好.增施磷肥调控均不同程度地增加了茶叶硒质量比,6种处理的增幅均达到极显著水平(p＜0.01).     

棉田施用城市垃圾肥效果研究

棉田连续两年施用城市生活垃圾的增产效果及对土壤物理性质影响的试验结果表明，棉田配合施用城市生活垃圾与无机肥料，随着垃圾施用量及施用年限的增加，增产效果达显著与极显著水平，土壤忆隙度明显提高、容重明显降低。     

Effects of soil properties, mulch and NPK fertilizer on maize yields and nutrient budgets on ferralitic soils in southern Benin

Four on-farm experiments examined whether modest applications of fertilizers in combination with prunings from native agroforestry trees would be an alternative to maintain the fertility of ferralitic soils in Benin. An application of about 1.9 t ha⁻¹ dry matter of mulch of Senna siamea combined with 30 kg N ha⁻¹, 22 kg P ha⁻¹ and 25 kg K ha⁻¹ as compound fertilizer was compared with (1) 60 kg N ha⁻¹, 43 kg P ha⁻¹ and 50 kg K ha⁻¹ as compound fertilizer alone, (2) mulch of S. siamea alone (about 3.2 t ha⁻¹ dry matter), and (3) a control treatment. Criteria were soil properties, yields, nutrient uptakes, and nutrient budgets. Application of sole mulch had no significant effects (P>0.05) on maize yields, while combined application of prunings and NPK fertilizers or sole NPK increased yields significantly (P<0.05). The most limiting nutrient was P. The local maize cultivar was efficient in P uptake, but not in internal nutrient utilization efficiency; mulch increased significantly the internal P utilization efficiency (P<0.05). Soil properties were interpreted with the QUEFTS (quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils) computer program. The predicted and measured yields were almost the same for maize without NPK. The measured responses to NPK were much lower than the responses calculated by QUEFTS. The calculated nutrient budgets were split into balances for available nutrients and for those not immediately available (NIA). Nutrient budgets were negative for the control and sole mulch treatments, and positive for the NPK treatments. Mulch improved the balances of NIA nutrients. The present experiment could not prove that combining NPK with mulch is the best option for sustainable agriculture. It may be more economical to apply lower rates of fertilizer to local maize than those applied in the two NPK treatments in the present study.     

造纸黑液木素在肥料中的应用

综述了造纸黑液木素功能性肥料的研究动态及作者的研究成果 ,指出了造纸黑液木素肥料资源化的应用前景     

Effect of agricultural extension on cotton farmer's efficiency in arid and semi-arid areas of Burkina Faso

This study shows that farmers in arid and semi-arid land can improve their efficiency if they have access to agricultural extension services. An exhaustive survey was used to obtain data from 423 cotton producers in the arid zones and 144 of wetlands in Burkina Faso. The method of the directional distance function modeling a multi-output technology was used. The results show that cotton farmers in the arid zones are not technically more inefficient than those in wetlands. On average, arid zone producers have a technical inefficiency of 0.056 while that of wetland producers is around 0.052. The agricultural extension, defined as receiving visits and advice from technical agents, is important for producers because it helps farmers choose soil and water conservation techniques and fertilizers adapted to the Agro-climatic conditions of their respective zones. Agriculture extension also helps farmers of the arid zones to reduce their technical inefficiency by advising them to cultivate small agricultural plots. On average, in these zones, the size of an agricultural plot is around 1.03 ha compared to those of wetlands which is about 1.6 ha.     

长期施肥对旱地红壤及作物中砷累积的影响

以湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外试验站的土壤为研究对象,分析了长期施肥措施对砷在土壤及作物籽粒和秸秆中累积的影响.供试土壤选择了4个不同施肥处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥有机肥配施（NPKM）.结果表明,与不施肥相比,长期（26 a）施肥措施（NPK、M和NPKM）均显著增加了红壤中总砷（As）和有效态砷含量,其中,NPK处理的红壤中砷含量超过国家标准值（40 mg·kg^-1）.长期施肥处理对非专性吸附态As影响最大,其次为残渣态As,晶型氧化物结合态As,但对专性吸附态As和无定型铁铝氧化物结合态As的影响较小.与CK、NPK、M处理相比,NPKM处理能显著降低土壤中As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）含量.此外,施用有机肥（猪粪）会导致玉米籽粒和秸秆中As的累积,而不会导致小麦籽粒和秸秆中的As累积.同步辐射红外显微成像和微束X射线荧光谱图显示了红壤样品中As、黏土矿物和有机官能团在微空间尺度上的高度异质性特征,表明As的有效性主要受铁氧化物和羟基碳的影响.     

钝化与叶面阻控对不同基因型红菜苔镉累积的影响

为探索中轻度重金属镉(Cd)污染农田安全利用技术,实现农产品安全生产,以两种不同镉累积基因型红菜苔为供试作物,采用盆栽试验的方法,分别于两种作物上设置相同的6个处理:对照(CK)、添加3%(质量分数)生物质炭(BC)、添加0.17%钙镁磷肥(CMP)、叶面喷施3 mg·L~(-1) Na_2SeO_3的水溶液(Se)、 BC+Se和CMP+Se,研究不同处理土壤镉有效性变化及植株不同部位镉累积特征.结果表明:①相同处理下,低镉累积基因型金秋红三号红菜苔根部土壤有效态镉含量均显著低于高镉累积基因型十月红.BC和CMP两种钝化剂对金秋红三号根部土壤中的镉钝化效果显著,且BC效果更佳,钝化处理的效果显著优于叶面阻控.②金秋红三号红菜苔根系较十月红对镉有更强的富集能力,其富集的镉倾向于囤积在根部.叶面施硒与两种钝化剂对抑制镉向红菜苔可食部位转移富集无协同效果.③在BC和CMP钝化处理下,金秋红三号红菜苔可食部位镉含量低于GB 2762-2017中镉限量值(0.10mg·kg~(-1)).本研究表明,针对中轻度镉污染农田土壤,通过施加生物质炭、钙镁磷肥等绿色钝化剂,种植弱吸收低积累作物品种,可以实现受镉污染农田的安全利用和农产品的安全生产.     

青霉素菌渣肥对土壤环境及萝卜品质的影响

青霉素菌渣具有较高的营养价值,菌渣肥料化技术将成为解决菌渣处置问题的重要手段.为了评估青霉素菌渣肥肥效,通过田间小区试验,采用6种不同施肥方式[① CK,不施肥;② CF,常规量化肥;③ MF,化肥与菌渣肥1:1混施(混合肥);④ PF1,常规量青霉素菌渣肥;⑤ PF2,2倍常规量青霉素菌渣肥;⑥ PF4,4倍常规量青霉素菌渣肥],考察菌渣肥对土壤环境及萝卜品质的影响.结果表明:青霉素菌渣肥的施入相对于不施肥处理可以提高土壤营养成分的含量,其中w(速效钾)和w(速效磷)在PF2处理下增加最多,w(速效钾)增加了23.7%,w(速效磷)增加了17.9%,之后是MF;在萝卜的整个生长期,土壤中微生物的含量与青霉素菌渣肥施加量呈正相关,在发芽期微生物数量最高;此外,在发芽期各处理方式相对于不施肥处理,均能提高蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性,随着青霉素菌渣肥施入量的增加,脲酶活性变化不明显,蔗糖酶活性逐渐增大.在萝卜品质方面,施加青霉素菌渣肥可提高萝卜的品质,如根质量最高提高了73.57%,w(维生素C)提高11.28%~148.20%,w(可溶性糖)提高12.00%~58.60%;施加菌渣肥也会增加萝卜中硝酸盐的含量,但过量施加菌渣肥会增加硝酸盐含量,存在一定的风险.      

The radioactivity measurements in soils and fertilizers using gamma spectrometry technique

Because of their mineral content, soils are naturally radioactive and one of the sources of radioactivity other than those of natural origin is mainly due to the extensive use of fertilizers. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the fluxes of natural radionuclides in local production of phosphate fertilizers to determine the content of radioactivity in several commercial fertilizers produced in Algeria and to estimate their radiological impact in a cultivated soil even for the long-term exposure due to their application.For these purposes, virgin and fertilized soils were collected from outlying Setif region in Algeria and from phosphate fertilizers used in this area.Gamma spectrometry was exploited to determine activity concentration due to naturally occurring ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in five types of samples (two different sorts of fertilizers, virgin and fertilized soils and well water used for irrigation) taken from Setif’s areas.The results show that these radionuclides were present in an average concentration of 134.7 ± 24.1, 131.8 ± 16.7, 11644 ± 550 Bq/kg for the first fertilizer NPK and 190.3 ± 30, 117.2 ± 10.3, 5312 ± 249 Bq/kg for the second fertilizer (NPKs). For the virgin and the fertilized soils, the corresponding values were respectively 47.01 ± 7.3, 33 ± 7, 329.4 ± 19.7 Bq/kg and 53.2 ± 10.6, 50.0 ± 7, 311.4 ± 18.7 Bq/kg. For well water, the values were 1.93 and 0.12 Bq/kg; however the third value was below the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA).The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and the representative level index I_γr for all samples were also calculated. The data were discussed and compared with those given in the literature.