芳纶1313纤维的特点及其在个体防护服装领域的应用

对芳纶1313纤维的发展历程、性能特点、生产加工、产品应用等各个方面进行了详细的阐述。芳纶1313纤维是一种性能优异的阻燃耐热纤维,在安全生产领域有着广阔的应用前景。自问世以来历经半个多世纪的发展,其在安全生产领域的应用价值已经得到广泛的认可。由于芳纶1313纤维具备一系列的突出优点,同时也存在某些缺陷,因此建议扬长避短,充分发挥这种纤维的种种优点,同时通过纤维改性、改进和优化生产工艺等方法,充分发挥其在安全生产领域的应用,使之产生应有的社会效益和经济效益。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用法同时测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的分析方法.样品采集后,经GF/C膜过滤,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后进样分析.以BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,乙腈和水混合液为流动相(0.2 mL min-1)梯度洗脱,15 min内可完成14种OPEs的分离.在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)进行质谱测定.在加标浓度为1.0μg·L-1时,14种OPEs在污水处理厂进水和出水中的回收率分别为52.1%—119%、43.6%—114%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.2%—16.2%、0.4%—9.2%,方法的检出限(LOD)在0.3—6.0 ng·L-1间.方法精密度好,准确度高,可满足同时对污水样品中的14种OPEs进行定性及定量分析的要求.     

Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions

In this work, a new procedure for the enrichment of the trace amount of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions based on the utilization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole as chelating agent prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The influence of effective parameters including pH, amount of ligand and MWCNT, composition of eluent, and coexisting ions on recoveries of understudy metal ions was examined. At the optimum pH of 5.0, all metal ions were quantitatively sorbed onto the proposed solid phase and completely desorbed with 8?mL of 5.0?mol?L^?1 HNO₃. The detection limit of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions was 1.7, 2.4, 2.3, 2.9, 2.8, and 1.4?µg?L^?1, while the preconcentration factor was 63 for Cu²⁺ and 94 for the other metal ions and relative standard deviations between 1.8 less than 3.0%. The proposed procedure was applied for the analysis of various samples.     

Determination of cobalt by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

Abstract

A rapid and selective technique for extraction, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cobalt in water and pharmaceutical samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry is proposed. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol is used as a complexing agent and 1-octanol as an extraction solvent. Parameters relevant for analytical effectivity, i.e. pH of sample solution, concentration of complexing agent, volume of extraction solvent, and number of extraction cycles are optimized using a Box–Behnken design. At optimum conditions, a dynamic linear range of 5–600?µg L^?1 is obtained, with a limit of detection of 1.2?µg L^?1. The method is used for determination of Co(II) in environmental water and pharmaceutical samples.     

Hazardous halogenated substances formed during combustion processes

The results of the emissions from combustion processes and/or from fire accidents show the risk to man and his environment and thus the need for strict legislation and critical analysis of unwanted compounds. These substances or their thermolysis products are often due to incomplete combustion or may result from the interaction of various substances.

In the following we report the formation of octachlorostyrene (OCS) and of high‐toxic substances such as polybrominated dioxins (PBrDD's), dibenzofurans (PBrDF's) by the combustion.

In order to determine a possible source of the non‐manufactured compound OCS, we conducted several model experiments in a combustion chamber at various temperatures from 400 °C to 800 °C. The thermolysis of chlorinated solvents like chloroform or of chlorinated aromatice like pentachlorobenzene produced—among other chlorinated substances—OCS as one of the major products.

Analogous combustion experiments with polyester plastics containing decabromodiphenylether as flame retardant and antimony trioxide as Synergist led to PBrDD's and PBrDF's. Here antimony trioxide seems to play an important role because in absence of this oxide, PBrDD's and PBrDF's were not found in our experimental conditions.     

Are indigenous forest reserves sustainable? An analysis of present and future land-use trends in Bosawas,Nicaragua

SUMMARY

In recent years, indigenous tenure over forest lands has emerged as a means to conserve forests while recognizing indigenous rights. There is concern, however, that indigenous reserves may not be an appropriate policy tool for sustained forest conservation. Our research examined how recognition of indigenous common-property rights has controlled agricultural expansion and conserved forests in Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. We used satellite imagery with empirical data gathered in the field on land-use institutions, population pressures, and land-use practices to compare whether indigenous communities under territorial management or public management are better able to (1) control the ‘fast threat’ of frontier expansion and (2) address the long-term ecological threats posed by indigenous land-use practices and institutional changes in the region. Our findings are that indigenous residents who share common-property rights over their territories are better able to control agricultural expansion than are indigenous residents living on public lands. With respect to the long-term threats to the region, a series of simulations of possible land-use pressures demonstrate that the enforcement of territorial boundaries and further development of indigenous forest management rules will prove crucial in determining land-use capacity and deforestation over the next 50 years.     

溴代阻燃剂在土壤中的迁移转化研究进展

BFRs（溴代阻燃剂）是一种重要的持久性有机污染物,各种传统和新型的BFRs（PBDEs、TBBPA、DBDPE、BTBPE等）在全球环境中被广泛检出,其持久性、生物蓄积性以及对环境和人类健康的潜在毒性引起了人们的极大关注.在归纳和总结国内外关于BFRs在土壤中的迁移转化行为规律研究动态的基础上,重点讨论了吸附/解吸、光降解的机理和影响因素以及厌氧、好氧微生物降解和植物代谢的特点和降解途径.结果表明:吸附/解吸是BFRs在土壤中迁移转化的关键过程,土壤有机质含量和pH是影响其在土壤中迁移的主要影响因素.光解、微生物降解是BFRs在土壤中的主要转化途径,光解是表层土壤中BFRs的主要转化过程,逐步脱溴产生低溴化产物,溴化程度、土壤有机质和矿物质会直接影响其光解速率;厌氧脱溴和好氧微生物降解是BFRs在深层土壤中的主要降解过程,溴化程度与微生物降解密切相关.土壤中BFRs被植物吸收的过程中可能被代谢为低溴化产物,在食物链中积累,危害人体健康.尽管多年来在BFRs方面的研究取得了进展,但对这类污染物的环境行为和归趋的全面了解仍然很难,随着越来越多的新型BFRs被作为传统BFRs的替代品推向市场,建议对这些新兴替代化学品在土壤介质中的迁移转化过程,特别是生物降解进行更多的调查.      

中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响——以呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯城市群地区为例

理解中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响对提高干燥地人类福祉和实现区域可持续发展具有重要的意义。为此,论文以正在经历快速城市化的呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯（呼包鄂）地区为例,从区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上揭示了该地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。首先,量化了呼包鄂地区1990年的生境质量、粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量4种关键生态系统服务。然后,分析了1990—2013年呼包鄂地区的城市扩展过程。最后,在区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上评价了呼包鄂地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。结果显示,1990—2013年,呼包鄂地区经历了快速的城市扩展过程,城市用地面积从314.22 km²增加到692.10 km²,增长了1.2倍。区域城市扩展过程导致4种生态系统服务均明显下降。其中,粮食生产服务损失最严重,损失量达1.36×10⁴ t,约占1990年全区粮食生产总量的1%。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展对生态系统服务的影响最明显。1990—2013年,边缘型城市扩展导致的粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量损失量占区域城市扩展过程中各项服务损失总量的比例均超过60%,飞地型城市扩展造成的肉类生产服务损失量大于区域城市扩展过程中该服务损失总量的1/3。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展过程导致的耕地和草地大量减少是造成生态系统服务快速下降的主要原因。因此,建议在呼包鄂地区的城市化进程中应提高城市用地利用率,控制边缘型和飞地型城市扩展,以减少城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。     

温拌阻燃沥青混合料阻燃效果评价

通过氧指数、质量损失率及路用性能试验,研究EC130温拌剂、FRMAX型阻燃剂对沥青混合料阻燃效果的影响。试验结果显示,相比普通沥青混合料,阻燃沥青混合料、温拌阻燃沥青混合料氧指数分别增加23.3%、25.6%,质量损失率减小28.0%、32.0%,残留动稳定度增加14.0%、16.1%,残留最大弯拉应变增加14.1%、17.1%,冻融劈裂强度比增加5.3%、9.0%。相比普通沥青路面,阻燃沥青路面、温拌阻燃沥青路面发生火灾时能够减少34.0%、41.1%的毒害气体生成,并减少路面修补所需的混合料质量。其次得出普通沥青路面、阻燃沥青路面及温拌阻燃沥青路面的质量损失率、残留动稳定度、残留最大弯拉应变、残留冻融劈裂强度比与燃烧时间的关系模型。结果表明:阻燃剂对沥青混合料的阻燃效果显著;温拌剂有助于阻燃剂更好地发挥阻燃作用,降低火灾对道路的破坏,降低隧道火灾发生时有害气体的生成,提升隧道安全性。     

监控完全遮挡场景下火焰特征分析方法*

为解决监控完全遮挡场景下火灾原因认定面临的问题,探究火焰的视频特征分析方法。利用油盘火、垃圾桶火焰和短路火花3种实体火焰模拟室内火灾,布置普通彩色CCD监控摄像头使之被完全遮挡,收集火灾视频进行预处理,利用视频分析技术提取、对比、分析油盘火焰、垃圾桶火焰和短路火花的HSV颜色、火焰面积增长、质心变化、Harris角点变化、火焰频闪等特征,并总结对应特征变化规律。结果表明:在监控完全遮挡场景下,提出的火焰视频特征分析方法可以较为精确地定量表征火焰动静态特征,为火灾调查工作的顺利开展提供有力的工具。