Consumer Attitudes Towards the Development of Animal-Friendly Husbandry Systems

Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers.     

Impact of Animal Welfare on Costs and Viability of Pig Production in the UK

The European Union welfare standardsfor intensively kept pigs have steadilyincreased over the past few years and areproposed to continue in the future. It isimportant that the cost implications of thesechanges in welfare standards are assessed. Theaim of this study was to determine theprofitability of rearing pigs in a range ofhousing systems with different standards forpig welfare. Models were constructed tocalculate the cost of pig rearing (6–95 kg) in afully-slatted system (fulfilling minimum EUspace requirements, Directive 91630/EEC); apartly-slatted system; a high-welfare,straw-based system (complying with the UK-basedRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals, Freedom Food standards) and afree-range system. The models were also used toassess the consequences of potential increasesin space allowance, and to estimate the cost ofrearing pigs under organic standards.The cost of rearing pigs ranged from92.0 p/kg carcass weight (cw) and 94.6 p/kgcw forthe partly-slatted and fully-slatted systems,to 98.8 p/kgcw and 99.3 p/kgcw for the FreedomFood and free-range systems respectively. Whenspace allowance was increased by 60% to levelsin a recent proposal to revise pig welfareDirective (91/630/EEC), the rearing costs wereunchanged for the free-range system but rose by4.6 p/kgcw for the fully-slatted system. Rearingcosts under organic standards were 31% higherthan in the free-range system. These resultssuggest that improved pig welfare can beachieved with a modest increase in costAt present, price premiums received for meatproduced under high welfare systems in the UKoffset the higher costs of production in thesesystems. To ensure profitability in the longterm, it is important that these premiums aremaintained.     

猪粪中土霉素环境风险及好氧降解技术研究进展

针对国内规模化养猪场饲料及猪粪中土霉素的高残留量的现状,综述了国内外关于畜禽粪便中土霉素研究的现状。文章首先介绍了畜禽粪便中土霉素的应用和残留情况,然后探讨了土霉素存在于环境中对微生物、植物和动物的生态毒性,最后结合国内外现有畜禽粪便处理技术优缺点的评价．对好氧堆肥技术应用于高土霉素残留猪粪的无害化处理以及应该注意的一些问题提出了建议。     

重金属Zn对猪粪堆肥过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量分别为0mg.kg-1,300mg.kg-1,600mg.kg-1,900mg.kg-1）的堆料升温快,在高温期持续时间长,并达到无害化处理,堆料微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类.重金属...     

上推流厌氧反应器连续干发酵猪粪产沼气试验研究

为解决猪粪连续干发酵存在的氨抑制和出料难等难题,在温度(25±2)℃、有机负荷为干物质(TS)4.44 g.(L.d)-1的条件下,采用上推流式厌氧反应器(UPAR)对猪粪进行连续干式发酵试验,研究了猪粪干发酵过程的产气情况、氨抑制现象和出料流动性,并考察了上推流厌氧反应器进行猪粪干发酵的可行性.试验采用4种不同TS质量分数(20%、25%、30%、35%)的猪粪作为原料,经160 d的运行.结果表明,进料TS质量分数对发酵过程有很大的影响,4种不同进料TS质量分数稳定的池容产气率分别为2.40、1.73、0.89、0.62 L.(L.d)-1,进料TS质量分数为20%、25%和30%的产气效率明显优于进料TS=35%的产气效率.随着进料TS质量分数从20%增加到35%,氨氮质量浓度>2 300 mg.L-1会出现明显的产气抑制.在进料TS=35%时,氨氮质量浓度能达到3 800 mg.L-1,产气速率相对于进料TS=20%递减74.1%.当进料TS达到35%、出料TS质量分数达到17.1%、流速<0.002 m.s-1时,UPAR不能顺利出料.     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

畜牧业清洁生产的生态服务价值评估及补偿模式研究——以山东省规模养猪场为例

本文运用市场价值法、有效成本法、避免成本法,以山东省为例对规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务价值进行了评估,并探讨了清洁生产生态服务价值的补偿模式。结果表明:山东省规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务总价值为140.804亿元,其价值构成为绿色产品供给价值(84.22%)>气体调节价值(10.66%)>资源化利用价值(2.23%)>水质保护价值(1.96%)>土壤保护价值(0.92%)>水源节约价值(0.01%),说明清洁生产带来的尚未被养殖主体、政府和公众重视的生态服务价值巨大,同时也说明清洁生产具有极强的正外部性。为实现清洁生产生态服务价值,构建了政府补偿、市场化补偿和社会补偿协同作用的多元化生态补偿模式,其中政府补偿模式以资金补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿和智力补偿为主,市场化补偿模式主要表现为排污权交易和生态标记,社会补偿模式以自力补偿为主、相关企业参与为辅。     

6种蔬菜对施用含砷禽畜粪土壤中砷的吸收

由于现代集约化养殖业普遍使用有机胂制剂,禽畜粪中往往含有一定的砷(As).在水稻土中分别以2%和4%(w/w)比例施入含As鸡粪和猪粪及无机肥(N:0.2g·kg-1;P2O5;0.1g·kg-1;K2O:0.15g·kg-1(以干土计)),以不施肥为对照进行菜心、小白菜、油麦、茼蒿、苋菜和通菜6种蔬菜盆栽试验,研究比较含As禽畜粪施入土壤后蔬菜对土壤中As的吸收累积情况.结果表明,1)整体上施用鸡粪处理蔬菜生物量高于无机肥处理,而施用猪粪处理除通菜外5种蔬菜生物量均低于无机肥处理.2)施肥可降低除通菜外的5种蔬菜As含量,而施用鸡、猪粪可显著提高通菜As含量.3)菜心、小白菜、油麦和茼蒿地上部As含量与其生物量呈显著负相关(p<0.05,p<0.01);苋菜也表现为负相关,但未达到显著;通菜则表现为显著正相关(p<0.01).4)菜心、小白菜、油麦和茼蒿As吸收量整体表现为施用鸡粪>无机肥>猪粪≈不施肥;苋菜表现为无机肥>不施肥>鸡、猪粪;通菜则表现为鸡、猪粪>无机肥≈不施肥.整体上通菜As吸收量高于其他5种蔬菜.5)施肥可降低除通菜外5种蔬菜As吸收系数,而施用鸡、猪粪可显著提高通菜As吸收系数.建议含As禽畜粪在通菜上尽量少施.     

混合堆肥过程中容重的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥表明:升温期和高温期堆体容重分别为0.82g·cm^-3和0.66g·cm^-3,堆体内的氧气仍能满足微生物生长所需;降温期容重为0.58g·cm^-3,通气较充分;腐熟期容重为0.54g·cm^-3,通风充分.升温期和高温期仓门附近堆料的容重具有层次效应,降温期大部分堆料的容重具有层次效应,腐熟期堆体容重的层次效应减弱.升温期堆体中轴线附近、高温期仓内壁附近、降温期整个堆体、腐熟期仓门和中轴线附近,堆体深度对容重具有显著影响.升温期和腐熟期,仓门对容重产生显著影响.各堆肥期堆体的容重随深度的增加而呈增大的趋势,容重与堆肥时间满足二级动力学方程.     

猪沙门氏杆菌病的诊断与控制

猪沙门氏杆菌又称猪副伤寒,是沙门氏杆菌引起的一种传染病,多发生于2-4月龄仔猪,临床上多表现为败血症和肠炎,本病一旦发生,直接影响仔猪的成活和生长发育,给养猪业造成重大的经济损失。