玉米铝（Al）胁迫研究初报

通过试验和分析，研究Ａｌ胁迫下的玉米生物性状和主要生理特性，明确活性铝浓度与玉米根系特征及地上部农艺性状之间存在极显著或显著的反比相关；活性铝的存在，降低玉米茎叶Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等养分含量，提高叶片脯氨酸累积量；脯氨酸含量可作为玉米耐Ａｌ性的生理指标．     

磷胁迫条件下北美红杉幼苗生长的适应性反应

采用温室盆栽的方法探讨了不同的P质量浓度(0、0.018、0.036、0.054、0.071、0.108、0.142和0.213g.L-1,以0.071g.L-1作为对照)处理下北美红杉一年生幼苗生物量及根系生长的反应,结果表明,P供应不足时,幼苗将更多的生物量分配到地下以扩大根系的生长,地下/地上生物量比率增加,缺P时为0.47。高水平供P条件下,增加幅度较大,供P水平增加2倍时,达0.66。幼苗细根/叶生物量比率与地下/地上生物量比率变化规律相似。当供P水平较低时,幼苗的一级侧根数增多,根系的分枝密度增加,二级侧根节点之间距离减小,细根的特定根长增加,这些根系结构特征的变化有利于幼苗吸收更多的养分和水分。P养分供应适宜时,幼苗增加了地上部分的分枝数,以争取更多的地上资源空间。     

高羊茅中一个DREB类转录因子基因的分离及鉴定分析

为了鉴定草坪草高羊茅(Festucaarundinacea Schreb.)中与低温、高盐和干旱胁迫相关的基因,我们构建了冷诱导(4℃)的高羊茅cDNA文库,并从这个文库中分离得到一个DREB类转录因子基因,FaDREB1A.序列分析表明,FaDREB1A具有一个717bp的开放阅读框和143bp的3’非编码区,推测的氨基酸序列中含有一个高度保守的EREBP/AP2结构域.酵母单杂交结果表明,FaDREB1A蛋白能在体外特异结合DRE元件,并具有转录激活功能.Southern杂交结果显示,FaDREB1A在高羊茅基因组中可能是单拷贝或低拷贝基因.Northern杂交结果发现,FaDREB1A基因受低温、高盐和干旱的诱导表达,对ABA没有反应,说明FaDREB1A基因在高羊茅植株对低温、高盐和干旱的应答反应中起重要作用.图5参30     

不同强度冷应激对大鼠肌肉、脾脏和肝脏中HSP70表达的影响

通过两个低温温度段对健康Wistar大鼠进行冷应激试验,利用免疫印迹技术检验肌肉、脾脏和肝脏中HSP70表达的相对变化情况,探讨不同时间和强度冷应激条件下,3种组织中HSP70表达的情况以及通过HSP70表达量的变化看是否可以将其作为评估冷应激的指标.正常饲养的大鼠环境温度为(20±1)℃,而实验组大鼠分别在(0±1)℃和(10±1)℃环境下进行低温冷应激,然后在冷应激后不同时间宰杀取组织,利用Western-blotting检测HSP70的表达量.结果表明:(1)在(0±1)℃急性冷应激条件下,随着冷应激时间的延长,肌肉和脾脏中HSP70的表达持续增加,与对照组(CK)相比,差异显著(P<0.05);(2)在(10±1)℃慢性冷应激条件下,仅1wk肌肉组中HSP70的表达增加(P<0.05),其它情况下各组织中HSP70的表达与CK相比无显著差异(P>0.05).上述结果说明,相应强度的冷应激可以诱导机体的HSP70表达,并且随时间延长,HSP70的表达增加,可以考虑将HSP70作为监测大鼠应激的指标.图1表2参14     

Non-invasive measurement of the physiological stress response of wild rabbits to the odour of a predator

Summary. Stress has been widely studied in different mammals, but the physiological stress reaction that the odour of a predator could induce in preys has not received much attention. Besides, not all the animals would respond to the same extent to a known stressor. We developed an experimental procedure with eleven na?ve European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in order to determine the individual physiological response to the olfactory detection of a potential predator. The rabbits were housed singly in small enclosures with a concrete burrow system and food and water were available ad libitum. The animals followed a control trial, without odour, and an experimental trial where we confronted the rabbits with fox (Vulpes vulpes) odour. Furthermore, another sample of eleven rabbits followed a control procedure subjected to the same housing and handling procedures but without facing the predator odour. In order to assess the physiological response we analysed the concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites in the faeces of the rabbits. Therefore, everyday faecal samples were collected and analysed with an enzyme immunoassay in order to measure the corticosterone metabolites (CM), particularly, those metabolites with a 5α-3β, 11β-diol structure. After validating the assay for wild rabbits, we found that the simulated presence of a predator (fox odour) in the enclosure resulted in an increase in faecal CM concentrations. However, the stressor did not affect all the animals in the same way. We found a general increase in the individual differences. In particular, males experienced a higher increase than females, though the overall response was similar for both sexes. To our knowledge this is one of the first attempts to analyse the assessment of the risk of predation by means of non-invasive methods.     

Sensitivity and Vulnerability in Marine Environments: an Approach to Identifying Vulnerable Marine Areas

Abstract:  Marine environments have suffered from a lack of quantitative methods for delineating areas that are sensitive or vulnerable to particular stresses, natural and anthropogenic. We define sensitivity as the degree to which marine features respond to stresses, which are deviations of environmental conditions beyond the expected range. Vulnerability can then be defined as the probability that a feature will be exposed to a stress to which it is sensitive. Using these definitions, we provide a quantitative methodology for identifying vulnerable marine areas based on valued ecological features, defined as biological or physical features, processes, or structures deemed by humans to have environmental, social, cultural, or economic significance. The vulnerability of the valued ecological features is a function of their sensitivity to particular stresses and their vulnerability to those stresses. We used the methodology to demonstrate how vulnerable marine areas for two groups of endangered whale species (inshore and offshore) could be identified with a predictive habitat model and acoustic stress surfaces. Acoustic stress surfaces were produced for ferry traffic, commercial shipping traffic, potential offshore oil production, and small-boat traffic. The vulnerabilities of the two whale groups to the four stressors considered in this example were relatively similar; however, inshore species were more sensitive to on-shelf, coastal activities such as offshore hydrocarbon production, ferry traffic, and small-boat traffic. Our approach demonstrates how valued features can be associated with stresses and the likelihood of encountering these stresses (vulnerability) in order to identify geographic areas for management and conservation purposes. The method can be applied to any combination of valued ecological features and stressors.     

上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层移动变形规律及保护效果考察研究

选取海石湾煤矿特厚煤层6124工作面为研究对象,为了确定上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层6124工作面的影响,运用FLAC3D软件对上保护层开采后被保护层应力和位移变化规律进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:被保护层被保护区域位移沿垂直方向呈“拱形”分布,被保护层最大位移变化量为354 mm,变化范围在160～354 mm之间;被保护层被保护区域的应力变化呈“V”形分布,被保护层最大拉应力变化量为0.489 MPa,变化范围在0.314～0.489 MPa之间,最大压应力变化量为31.3 MPa,变化范围在25.8～31.3 MPa之间;实施上保护层开采后,煤层瓦斯抽采率提高了39.5%,残余瓦斯含量降到7.16 m3/t,残余瓦斯压力降到0.58 MPa,该参数的确定为海石湾煤矿特厚高瓦斯煤层的合理开采提供了一定的理论指导。     

爆炸荷载下地铁隧道损伤规律研究

地铁在运营中存在诸多风险,特别是外爆炸带来的危害尤为突出。为避免由此产生的风险,需对地铁隧道在外部侧爆炸瞬时强荷载作用下隧道衬砌结构损伤效应进行研究,进而对隧道衬砌结构的损伤程度作出判断。以西安地铁6号线工程为依托,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立有限元模型,分析外爆炸荷载作用下应力波的传播规律;选取地面侧爆角度和隧道埋置深度2个因素建立分析工况,研究了外爆炸荷载下隧道衬砌结构的受力状态规律,隧道埋深15,18 m相较埋深12 m衰减了20,125个微应变;同时直观地对隧道衬砌结构的损伤程度进行分析。开展该项研究为地铁隧道结构抗爆防护设计提供了理论依据,具有较高的技术、经济和社会效率。     

Should we be “challenging” employees?: A critical review and meta‐analysis of the challenge‐hindrance model of stress

The challenge‐hindrance model of stress proposes that stressors can be divided into two distinct groups: those that challenge employees and those that hinder employees. This critical review seeks to explain the history of the model and its basic tenets, while succinctly summarizing the findings of existing studies based on the model. A thorough search of the stress literature uncovered 32 studies that specifically examined the relationship between challenge and hindrance stressors and important personal/organizational variables. Results were reviewed and analyzed, specifically by describing past meta‐analyses on the model, looking at the overall pattern of results from primary studies, and meta‐analyzing the relationships presented in those papers. This synthesis suggests that although there are some differential relationships of challenge and hindrance stressors with organizational variables (e.g., performance and engagement), the relationships to other key variables, such as counterproductive work behaviors, psychological strains, and physical health, are consistently negative for both challenge and hindrance stressors. Thus, we propose that stress research move away from the current challenge‐hindrance model in favor of other established models and/or a more appraisal‐based approach.     

不同围压下煤岩损伤变形规律及声发射特征分析

为研究不同围压条件下煤岩的损伤变形,利用RTX-1000岩石三轴仪和Micro-Ⅱ声发射成像采集仪对煤样进行不同围压下的三轴压缩声发射定位试验,对加载过程中的应力应变、AE计数等特征参数进行对比分析,构建基于AE计数的损伤模型,研究三轴压缩下煤岩损伤变形的规律。研究结果表明:在保持应变率恒定的条件下,围压越高,煤样的峰值强度越大,分别为18.04,29.92,32.29,45.94 MPa;围压越高,弹性阶段的AE计数相对减少;煤样发生剪胀扩容变形;基于AE计数构建损伤模型,分析对比损伤应变理论曲线与试验曲线,得到较高的拟合度,且损伤临界值和损伤量随围压的升高呈现减小的趋势;分析理论模型中的速率增长因子,得到试验与理论损伤规律一致。