不同耕作方式对玉米田土壤有机碳含量的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了撂荒、翻耕、免耕和旋耕4种耕作方式下,玉米4个生育期(苗期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期)耕层(0~20 cm)土壤总有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数和碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明:在观测期间,玉米不同生育期(0~20 cm)土层有机碳质量分数和活性有机碳质量分数均呈明显的动态变化,就3种耕作方式来讲,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为免耕最高,翻耕和旋耕次之;成熟期免耕、旋耕、翻耕3种处理的土壤碳库管理指数比撂荒分别提高了47.38%、30.43%、27.00%;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数均存在显著相关关系,玉米产量与土壤总有机碳质量分数存在显著相关性,与土壤活性有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数无明显相关性.综合考虑以上因素,免耕有利于提高土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数,改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.     

秸秆及配施生物炭对福州茉莉园土壤碳、氮、磷、铁含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响

为阐明施加秸秆及配施生物炭对茉莉花园土壤碳（TC）、氮（TN）、磷（TP）和铁（Fe）含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,并探讨土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的响应,以福州茉莉园土壤为研究对象,设置对照、秸秆、秸秆配施生物炭3种处理样地,对施加处理下福州茉莉花园0~10 cm表层土壤碳、氮、磷、铁含量和生态化学计量学特征进行测定和分析.结果表明：不同施加处理下,茉莉园土壤TC、TN含量均值表现为秸秆配施生物炭处理>秸秆处理>对照处理（p<0.05）,TP含量均值表现为秸秆处理>秸秆配施生物炭处理>对照处理（p<0.05）,土壤Fe含量均值表现为秸秆处理大于对照和秸秆配施生物炭处理,显著增加了茉莉花园表层土壤铁含量（p<0.05）.其次,秸秆配施生物炭处理较对照和秸秆处理提高了土壤C/N、C/P、C/Fe、N/P、N/Fe、P/Fe （p<0.05）;茉莉花园0~10 cm土壤碳储量、氮储量、磷储量均值表现为秸秆配施生物炭处理显著高于对照处理（p<0.05）,提高比例分别为46.5%、20.2%、10.2%,土壤铁储量表现为秸秆处理>对照处理>秸秆配施生物炭处理.此外,秸秆施加处理提高了土壤活性有机碳（C_N）,增加了土壤碳库活度指数（CPAI）和土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）;秸秆配施生物炭处理同样大幅度提升了土壤总有机碳含量,并显著提高了土壤碳库指数（CPI）,但这部分主要是活性较低的稳态碳（C_NA）,因此,秸秆配施生物炭降低了土壤碳库活度（CPA）、土壤碳库活度指数（CPAI）和土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）.总体来看,从土壤固碳角度考虑,秸秆配施生物炭是更合理的利用措施.     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤有机物淋溶的影响

在重庆铁山坪马尾松林内施加与大气氮沉降量相当的硝酸铵(NH4NO3)和硝酸钠(NaNO3),研究氮沉降加倍对土壤溶液可溶性有机物浓度的影响,分析氮沉降对森林土壤碳库的潜在作用.2005年起为期5a的现场观测表明,施氮后凋落物层土壤溶液的可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度和通量在起初2a内与对照样区相比有明显升高,但之后反而降低.施氮还会降低凋落物层土壤溶液的DOC与DON(可溶性有机氮)比值,以及矿质土壤上层的DOC浓度,但对矿质土壤下层的DOC淋溶通量几乎没有影响.总体来看,在试验期内氮沉降对土壤碳库无显著影响,但土壤有机物可能有从富碳有机物向富氮有机物转化的趋势,氮沉降的成分(NH4+和NO3-)对土壤有机物的影响则没有明显差异.     

煤油贮罐区火灾危险性评价

运用“池火灾伤害数学模型”,评价煤油罐区发生火灾爆炸事故的危险性,计算火灾事故后果,造成人员伤害、财产破坏的范围和程度。     

Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment

Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water, as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China. In this study, the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g., haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined. The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water. Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated. Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks. For the first time, buccal and aural exposure were considered, and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9% of total risk). The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10⁻⁶ of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82 × 10⁻⁵). These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.     

高矿化度含油污水蒸发处理技术研究

针对高矿化度含油污水处理，介绍了蒸发处理的技术概况，给出了可行的预处理方案，着重讨论了蒸发处理的影响因素，推导出自然水面蒸发量的计算公式，给出了蒸发池的基本形式和参数。     

Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21ST Century

Fire is the major stand-renewing disturbance in the circumboreal forest. Weather and climate are the most important factors influencing fire activity and these factors are changing due to human-caused climate change. This paper discusses and synthesises the current state of fire and climate change research and the potential direction for future studies on fire and climate change. In the future, under a warmer climate, we expect more severe fire weather, more area burned, more ignitions and a longer fire season. Although there will be large spatial and temporal variation in the fire activity response to climate change. This field of research allows us to better understand the interactions and feedbacks between fire, climate, vegetation and humans and to identify vulnerable regions. Lastly, projections of fire activity for this century can be used to explore options for mitigation and adaptation.     

吸油插板式隔油池

本文介绍了一种简易高效的隔油池 ,它用具有吸油和隔油双重作用的“板” ,来取代普通隔油池中的隔油墙(板 ) ,使原来不易上浮到水面的细小油珠也能被除去 ,从而提高了油水分离效率。吸油板式隔油池处理工厂一般含油废水比普通隔油池占用土地面积小、制作简单、投资省、效果好。监测结果表明 ,处理后水的油份浓工符合国家排放标准 (油≤ 10mg L)     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生长期沉积物有机碳含量变化

对长江口崇明东滩(CM-S)海三棱藤草(Scirpus mariqueter)生长期(4～12月)柱样沉积物有机碳含量及变化分析,发现柱样沉积物有机碳含量与温度、海三棱蔗草地上生物量呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).在陆源沉降、温度和海三棱藤草生长、死亡等因素的共同作用下,崇明东滩沉积物有机碳库随时间推移呈明显的"盈""亏"变化.夏季是潮滩沉积物有机碳库的"碳亏"期,秋季9月起,海三棱蔗草死亡分解使得有机碳在沉积物中累积,沉积物碳库进入"碳盈"期.可见死亡倒伏的海三棱藤草是潮滩盐沼带沉积物有机碳库的主要碳源,海三棱蔗草在生长期中通过光合作用所固定的大气碳素在生长末期输送补偿入沉积物有机碳库中.     

The influence of forest fires on CO, HCN, C2H6, and C2H2 over northern Japan measured by infrared solar spectroscopy

Total column abundances of CO, HCN, C₂H₆, and C₂H₂ have been retrieved from infrared solar spectra observed at Moshiri (44.4°N) and Rikubetsu (43.5°N) in northern Japan from 1997 to 2005. The spectra were recorded with high spectral resolution ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers and total column abundances were calculated by SFIT1 version 1.09e. Deviations of these species relative to their seasonal mean values (ΔCO, ΔHCN, ΔC₂H₆, and ΔC₂H₂) were derived, which showed short-time enhancements in 1998, 2002, and 2003. Good correlations among ΔCO, ΔHCN, ΔC₂H₆, and ΔC₂H₂ in a few months of each year were seen. Since the number of forest fires in Siberia had large enhancements in 1998, 2002, and 2003, trajectory analyses were performed in order to assess the influence of forest fires and it was confirmed that air masses passing over the location of burning points in Siberia reached Moshiri and Rikubetsu. This paper shows that enhancements of these species were driven by biomass burning in Siberia.