Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment

This article provides an objective integrated environmental impact assessment of the Gulf War consequences. The environmental damage was evaluated and found to be significantly exaggerated by the media and speculators. The total amount of burned crude oil was calculated to be 52.5 million metric tons. Most air pollution field measurements were comparable to those found in Western cities. The health impact associated with such exposure was found to be minimal. The total amount of oil released into the marine environment ranged between 2 and 4 million barrels, much less than the early estimation of 12–14 million barrels. The marine environment is expected to recover much faster than earlier anticipations. Unlike water and air, soil pollution is likely to persist for some years to come.     

油罐扬沸火灾及其安全防治对策

本文应用模拟实验研究方法,考察了扬沸过程的基本物理性状及其特点,在研究了扬沸形成规律的基础上,提出了两个新的安全防治对策:利用扬沸前兆噪声诊断、预报扬沸发生及应用循环冷却原理阻止扬沸形成。     

The modelling of pool vaporization

This paper describes a mathematical model which calculates the time dependencies of the flow rate and composition of the vapour emerging from a pool. A large variety of accidental cases can be covered: continuous or instantaneous spills, on confined or unconfined ground, ideal or non-ideal liquid mixtures in boiling or evaporating conditions. The boiling, when present, is modelled through an equation system comprising the Rachford-Rice relation and the energy balance of the pool, which is assumed to be well-mixed. In the case of a volatile pool, interfacial mass rates are determined taking into account the Stefan flux, and the thermal resistance inside the liquid phase is also considered. In all situations, the energy balance includes the contribution of ground, sun and air. Known experimental data have been used to validate the model.     

MORPHOLOGY OF BEDROCK STEP POOL SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: One-hundred-and-sixty step pools were examined that have developed in andesitic, basaltic, or dacitic lavas or in glaciofluvial sediments along several reaches of Soda Creek in the Three Sisters Wilderness of the Oregon High Cascades to determine whether such systems exhibit similar morphology. Pool shapes, sizes, and spacing were measured, and the hydraulic head loss calculated for each pool surface. Lithologic variations among 15 shape categories were not significant, but size attributes - length, depth, and area - of pools were systematically different by rock type. The energy lost at hydraulic jumps did not differ significantly among the four lithologies, suggesting that perhaps step pools represent similar stream channel adjustments in steep terrain.     

池火灾模型在安全评价中应用的研究

随着我国对燃油需求的不断增加,城市中出现了大量的燃油储灌。这些储罐一旦发生泄漏事故,很有可能引发火灾,给临近的工作人员和居民的生命财产安全造成严重的威胁。因此,要对这些储罐进行安全评价———根据储量和四周环境预测出池火灾面积的大小及伤害范围,以此为依据判断储灌的安全等级,从而对其进行有效的管理。将安全疏散的原理应用于危险源的安全评价当中,使之更加合理化、性能化。     

横向风对油池火烧试验的影响

以模拟包装容器的油池火烧试验为例,利用FLUENT计算流体动力学模拟软件,对不同风速条件下直径为3 m的煤油池火灾进行三维定常模拟,获得了风速大小与火焰倾角和火焰锋面的变化关系,并拟合出了火焰倾角随风速变化的简化公式;分析了横向风对包装容器周围火焰热辐射通量分布产生的影响,验证了风速低于2 m/s对包装容器火烧试验不会产生较大影响的结论,对包装容器耐火特性试验的开展具有实际指导意义。     

夏季采煤塌陷塘水质影响因素分析

以2004年夏季(4～8月)对淮南矿区三个不同塌陷时序塌陷塘每月一次的现场调查为基础,分析了采煤塌陷塘水质、不同理化因子的状况及相关关系,研究表明塌陷塘水质金属指标普遍不超标,营养盐含量较高,主要为P限制,同时划分了其主要的影响因子,这为其以后发展水产业和持续利用渔业资源提供了一定的理论基础依据。     

矿区塌陷塘营养状况及相关分析

选择了不同塌陷年龄的煤矿塌陷塘,测试水的环境状况指标,得出的结果是：矿区塌陷塘都受到了不同程度的污染.水中主要营养元素含量较高,叶绿素含量随季节变化明显,且不同塌陷塘之间差别也较大.对主要营养指标及营养状况进行了相关分析 ,为塌陷塘的开发利用提供了一定的理论基础.     

烃类池火灾热辐射量化分析模型探讨

为澄清有关烃类池火灾热辐射量化分析模型选择中存在的问题,针对"池火计算方法"模型进行量纲分析和物理意义方面的讨论,提出该模型在概念使用、量纲关系、热释放速率的计算以及池火焰模化等方面存在的问题。系统阐述点源模型、Shokri-Beyler模型、Mudan模型等常用烃类池火灾热辐射通量分析模型的适用条件和应用范围。点源模型适用于被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量小于5 kW.m-2情况下池火灾热辐射的量化分析;Shokri-Beyler模型主要应用于估算被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量大于5 kW.m-2的情况;Mudan模型可用于估算无风或有风条件下被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量。     

细水雾扑灭油池火过程中火焰强化现象的实验研究

在细水雾扑灭油池火的初期,某些油池火焰会有一个突然强化、剧烈燃烧的情况发生。通过实验研究证明,酒精等与水互溶的液体不会发生强化现象,汽油和柴油等不溶于水的液体则有明显的强化现象;同时,发生强化现象的根本原因是共沸使得细水雾到达燃料表面后急剧沸腾而强化燃烧。