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141.
Chuaybamroong P Cayse K Wu CY Lundgren DA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):421-430
Ambient aerosols were collected during 2000–2001 in Gainesville, Florida, using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI)
to study mass size distribution and carbon composition. A bimodal mass distribution was found in every sample with major peaks
for aerosols ranging from 0.32 to 0.56 μm, and 3.2 to 5.6 μm in diameter. The two distributions represent the fine mode (<2.5 μm)
and the coarse mode (>2.5 μm) of particle size. Averaged over all sites and seasons, coarse particles consisted of 15% carbon
while fine particles consisted of 22% carbon. Considerable variation was noted between winter and summer seasons. Smoke from
fireplaces in winter appeared to be an important factor for the carbon, especially the elemental carbon contribution. In summer,
organic carbon was more abundant. The maximum secondary organic carbon was also found in this season (7.0 μg m−3), and the concentration is between those observed in urban areas (15–20 μg m−3) and in rural areas (4–5 μg m−3). However, unlike in large cities where photochemical activity of anthropogenic emissions are determinants of carbon composition,
biogenic sources were likely the key factor in Gainesville. Other critical factors that affect the distribution, shape and
concentration were precipitation, brushfire and wind. 相似文献
142.
Male willow warblers have song repertoires which vary in complexity along several dimensions. We examined whether female choice,
as measured by date of pairing, was based on these song characteristics in 4 different years. Pairing date was negatively
correlated with song repertoire size in 1 year, and with song versatility in another year, but there was no consistent effect
of any song characteristic on pairing throughout the years or in the pooled sample. The variable that best explained how soon
a male pairs is male arrival date (only males that had settled territories before the first female arrived were considered
in the analysis). This correlation is consistently significant in all years. This is most parsimoniously interpreted as females
choosing some habitat characteristic in the same way that males do. A small percentage of males (8.3%) attracted and paired
with a second female. The likelihood of becoming polygynous was not explained by any measured song characteristic, but it
was related to arrival date: early males were more likely to pair with two females. Males with large repertoires fledged more
young in their primary nests, and there was a trend for the offspring of these males to have a greater probability of being
recruited into the population. In conclusion, the results show that in most years there is no sexual selection by female preference
on song characteristics, although the data on reproductive success is consistent with the idea of repertoire size being an
indicator of male quality.
Received: 4 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 December 1999 / Accepted: 31 December 1999 相似文献
143.
Most studies of social polygyny in birds have examined male provisioning on the basis of the number of feeding visits. This
may be misleading if males compensate for infrequent visits by bringing larger prey at each visit. We investigated nestling
provisioning in the socially polygynous great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, in south Central Sweden in 1996–1997. We collected data on rate of feeding visits, prey size and the amount of biomass delivered
by males and females. Males had lower rates of feeding visits and provided smaller prey to nestlings in secondary than in
monogamous and primary nests. Secondary females had higher rates of feeding visits and brought larger prey than monogamous
and primary females. These results confirm that secondary females face a potential cost of polygyny through a lower rate of
male feeding, and that this cost was reinforced by the significantly lower male provisioning rate (biomass h–1) at secondary nests. Secondary females compensated for the lack of male assistance by increasing their rate of feeding and
bringing larger prey. As a result, offspring in nests of secondary females received as much food as did those in nests of
primary females. Prey load size increased with the parent’s proportion of feeding visits, suggesting that parents use different
feeding strategies depending on their amount of responsibility for nestling provisioning. We suggest that parents which take
the main responsibility for nestling feeding have to forage further away from the nest, and based on optimal-foraging theory,
they should then on average bring larger prey to their nest.
Received: 4 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 23 October 1999 相似文献
144.
Iwao's quadratic regression or Taylor's Power Law (TPL) are commonly used to model the variance as a function of the mean for sample counts of insect populations which exhibit spatial aggregation. The modeled variance and distribution of the mean are typically used in pest management programs to decide if the population is above the action threshold in any management unit (MU) (e.g., orchard, forest compartment). For nested or multi-level sampling the usual two-stage modeling procedure first obtains the sample variance for each MU and sampling level using ANOVA and then fits a regression of variance on the mean for each level using either Iwao or TPL variance models. Here this approach is compared to the single-stage procedure of fitting a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) directly to the count data with both approaches demonstrated using 2-level sampling. GLMMs and additive GLMMs (AGLMMs) with conditional Poisson variance function as well as the extension to the negative binomial are described. Generalization to more than two sampling levels is outlined. Formulae for calculating optimal relative sample sizes (ORSS) and the operating characteristic curve for the control decision are given for each model. The ORSS are independent of the mean in the case of the AGLMMs. The application described is estimation of the variance of the mean number of leaves per shoot occupied by immature stages of a defoliator of eucalypts, the Tasmanian Eucalyptus leaf beetle, based on a sample of trees within plots from each forest compartment. Historical population monitoring data were fitted using the above approaches. 相似文献
145.
The horizontal distribution and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were studied in small lakes of the Darwin Nature Reserve (southern Vologda oblast). The aggregation index varied in the open areas of acid lakes, which indicated that communities of small acid water bodies were unstable. The aggregation was the lowest in the open area of a neutral lake. In acid lakes, the number and biomass of macroinvertebrates were the highest near the coasts. In the neutral lake, conversely, these values were maximum in open areas and low near the coast due to a strong pressure of predatory invertebrates and fish. An aggregating effect of invertebrate predators was observed near the coasts of lakes of different types. 相似文献
146.
底泥中重金属毒性的室内孔隙水分析技术 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据孔隙水中重金属的浓度可以判定底泥中重金属的毒性但获得真正的底泥孔隙水十分困难。本文提供了一套简便易行的室内原状孔隙水取样技术,将碳化硅砂芯埋入底泥,添加表层水并静置90d,通过渗滤获得孔隙水,测定孔隙水中重的浓度,所得结果与微生态系统暴露试验中生物指示的重金属的毒性大小相吻合,与生物积累重金属的浓度显著正相关。 相似文献
147.
采集并分析全场不同母质形成的有代表性的土壤样本142个.研究结果表明,各类土壤全B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于全国平均值,全量Cu平均值高于全国平均值.有效B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于临界值,有效Cu的平均值稍高于临界值;但66.7%的土样有效Cu含量低于临界值.硼、钼、锌和锰严重缺乏,铜多数缺乏.全场各类土壤的微量元素含量差异较大,各类土壤微量元素的垂直和水平分布特征不尽相同,尤其是垂直分布差异明显.从土壤微量元素的全量与母质的关系来看,以玄武岩、紫色砂页岩母质形成的土壤全量较高,砂砾岩母质形成的土壤全量中等,砂页岩和冲积物母质形成的土壤全量较低. 相似文献
148.
Field monitoring of volatile organic compounds using passive air samplers in an industrial city in Japan 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Kume K Ohura T Amagai T Fusaya M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):649-657
Highly portable, sensitive, and selective passive air samplers were used to investigate ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) levels at multiple sampling sites in an industrial city, Fuji, Japan. We determined the spatial distributions of 27 species of VOCs in three campaigns: Mar (cold season), May (warm season), and Nov (mild season) of 2004. In all campaigns, toluene (geometric mean concentration, 14.0microg/m3) was the most abundant VOC, followed by acetaldehyde (4.76microg/m3), and formaldehyde (2.58microg/m3). The spatial distributions for certain VOCs showed characteristic patterns: high concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde were typically found along major roads, whereas high concentrations of toluene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) were usually found near factories. The spatial distribution of PCE observed was extremely consistent with the diffusion pattern calculated from Pollutant Release and Transfer Register data and meteorological data, indicated that passive air samplers are useful for determining the sources and distributions of ambient VOCs. 相似文献
149.
150.