半挥发性有机物GC/MS分析方法研究

用气相色谱／质谱（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）研究分析了环境中的半挥发性有机标准物。以十氟三苯基磷作调机物,对ＧＣ／ＭＳ仪器系统进行了调整,离子丰度值符合美国环保局（Ｕ．Ｓ．ＥＰＡ）１９８６年推荐的离子丰度标准。测定了３２种目标化合物的保留时间及相对保留因子ＲＦ值,结果表明除五氯苯酚不达标外,其余化合物的ＲＦ值均符合要求,３１种目标化合物的加标回收率为２１％～９７％,相对标准偏差为３．１％～２４．１％,符合美国环保局８２７０方法质量控制检验标准。最后对建立定量校正库与ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析进行了讨论     

CODcr 5分钟快速测定法与国家标准方法对比试验

国家标准方法中重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量,准确度高,但操作时间长,试剂使用量大,耗电耗水.采用5分钟快速测定法后能大大缩短测定时间,同时能耗低.通过对比试验表明,5分钟快速测定法具有较好的抗氯性,精密度及准确度均能达到要求,且具有成本低特点,证明了方法的可行性,特别适于污水处理厂等需频繁监测点的快速测试.     

Numerical integration of chemical ODE problems arising in air pollution models

The numerical treatment of a regional air pollution model (such models are, as a rule, described mathematically by systems of partial differential equations) leads to the solution of very large computational problems. The chemical submodel of an air pollution model is normally the most timeconsuming part of the computational work. The application of appropriate discretization and splitting procedures reduces the chemical submodel to a large number of relatively small ODE systems (one such system per gridpoint). In the process of searching for efficient numerical algorithms for the chemical submodels one can carry out experiments by using only one such ODE system in order to facilitate the work. This approach has been used in connection with a particular chemical scheme, the condensed CBM IV scheme, which is used in several large air pollution models. Six integration algorithms have been tested on a set of typical scenarios (consisting of different starting concentrations and/or of different values of the emissions). The advantages and the disadvantages of the algorithms tested are discussed. The final decision about the most efficient algorithm, among the algorithms tested, should be made after a second series of experiments. The coupling of the chemical process with the transport of air pollution (on, at least, a twodimensional domain) together with the application of highspeed computers has to be studied in the second series of experiments, which will be performed in a subsequent paper.     

Comparison of data from two vegetation monitoring methods in semi-natural grasslands

Two vegetation-monitoring methods were compared: subplot frequency analysis (SF) and visual estimation of percentage cover (VE). Two independent observers collected data from two semi-natural, species-rich grasslands on three different occasions during the growth-season. During the last data collection period, survey times were also recorded. The two different data sets from the two methods were compared using partial Redundancy Analyses. The purpose of the comparison was to identify the method that explains most of the relevant variation in biodiversity-monitoring (inter-and intra-site variation), and the variation irrelevant when evaluating data (systematic inter-observer variation and variation due to phenological changes). Compared with VE data, more variation in SF data could be explained by spatial variables, while less variation depended on the observer and time of year surveyed. SF also found more species per plot but took on average five times longer to complete than VE. In conclusion, the different methods are suitable for different purposes: SF is more suitable for purposes demanding high accuracy and high precision, such as long-term biodiversity-monitoring when the identification of small changes has high priority, while VE might be more suitable for a one-time mapping of a large area.     

提高地电阻率观测精度研究

随着国民经济的快速发展,地电阻率的观测环境受到各种干扰,其中采用直流牵引技术的城市轨道交通干扰尤为严重,致使一些地电阻率观测台站的观测数据无法满足规范要求,部分台站因此被迫搬迁。进一步改善观测系统测量模式,提高其观测精度势在必行。通过多种方法实验,提出了一些抗干扰措施,达到了提高观测精度的目的,为进一步提升地电阻率观测质量做了技术铺垫。     

湿沉降离子平衡参数取值范围的计算

为保证湿沉降监测数据的可靠性及国际间数据的可比性,对不同类型湿沉降监测的离子平衡参数(R₁)的参考值X_R1的范围进行了计算和分析.结果表明,X_R1的取值主要受降水中离子组成、离子浓度以及监测准确性的影响.不同类型降水的X_R1的取值范围有所差别,同一类型降水的X_R1也会因降水中总离子浓度的差别而不同.降水中总离子浓度(C+A)>100μeq/L时,海陆相间型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～7%;内陆型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～9%;海洋型降水X_R1的取值范围为5%～11%.当(C+A)<50μeq/L时,总离子浓度越小,实验的精密度越差,离子浓度的精密度(ai)值越大.当ai取100%时,X_R1的取值范围为33%~71%.国际间同类降水监测规范比较,(C+A)≥50μeq/L时,_R1的取值基本在X_R1的计算范围内;而(C+A)<50μeq/L时,各个标准之间的差别较大.     

紫外法测定水中总氮准确度影响因素的探讨

通过对紫外法测定水中总氮影响准确度因素的分析得出前处理、工作曲线的绘制、样品的重复性测定及标准物质的配制是影响准确度的主要因素,可通过采取提高操作人员的业务技术水平、多次绘制工作曲线、适当增加样品重复次数等方法来提高测量准确性。     

水质检测中实验室检测结果的质量控制与保证

在水质检测工作中,质量控制方法是确保检测数据准确的一种重要手段。当前水质检测实验室中常用的质控手段有盲样考核、平行测定、加标回收、比对试验、期间核查、相关性分析与质量监督六类,通过分析比较这些质控手段在分析检测中的差异及其对检测结果的影响,为提升水质检测工作质量,出具科学、公正的检测报告提供保障。     

基于UWB定位技术的油田钻修井作业安全监测方法

为解决传统油田钻修井作业安全监测方法在实际应用中存在监测定位误差较大,无法保证作业人员安全的问题,本文开展基于UWB定位技术的油田钻修井作业安全监测方法研究,通过油田井下液位数据采集、基于UWB定位技术的钻修井安全作业节点定位、划分钻修井作业安全监控动态预警范围,提出一种全新的监测方法,并进行对比实验。结果表明:新的监测方法能够有效减小监测定位误差,为作业人员安全提供保障,提高油田企业经济效益和社会效益。     

动态瓦斯地质预测算法研究与可视化应用

为实现煤矿瓦斯地质动态精准预测与可视化,基于煤层埋深、厚度、倾角、地质构造等多种因素,通过将相似的地质模块定义为同一微单元,在此基础上将反距离权重插值算法和递归邻域搜索策略与数据优化处理算法相结合,应用于瓦斯地质动态预测可视化系统开发。研究结果表明:根据递归邻域搜索算法模型开发的多级瓦斯地质图动态分析系统利用瓦斯地质基础数据可对矿井瓦斯含量、压力、涌出量等瓦斯赋存参数进行实时分析和计算,动态绘制散点图、等值线和区域预测图,使瓦斯区域预测图过渡更加平缓,显著提高预测的精准性及整体的显示效果,同时其制图耗时也无明显增加,可为高瓦斯矿井安全生产提供决策依据。