高氯酸钾项目生产过程中的环境风险及防范措施

根据国家环保总局发布的"高污染、高环境风险"产品名录(2009年),无机盐产品高氯酸钾属于高环境风险的产品,其生产存在较大风险。高氯酸钾项目在生产过程中的环境风险主要来源于强酸、强碱、有毒有害、易燃易爆等原辅材料、产品,运输、贮存和使用过程产生的燃爆、泄漏、贮运风险以及工艺废气治理措施失效等环节。识别项目产生的环境风险主要包括爆炸风险、泄漏风险、危险化学品贮运风险及氯气直排风险,并从生产管理、生产工艺及贮运等方面提出相应的防范措施。     

Phytoavailability and extractability of potassium,magnesium and manganese in calcareous soil amended with olive oil wastewater

Abstract

Land disposal of olive oil wastewater using it as a soil amendment requires a knowledge of the effects that its application may produce on the status of the mineral nutrients in the plant‐soil system. A pot experiment using calcareous soil was performed in a growth chamber to examine the effects of olive oil wastewater on the availability and postharvest soil extractability of K, Mg and Mn. The experiment included 6 treatments: two rates of olive oil wastewater, two mineral fertilizer treatments containing K (which supplied K in amounts equivalent to the K supplied by the olive oil wastewater treatments), a K‐free mineral fertilizer treatment, and a control. The pots were sown with ryegrass as the test plant, harvesting 3 times at intervals of one month. Olive oil wastewater has demonstrated a considerable capacity for supplying K that can be assimilated by the plant, tending in fact to surpass the mineral potassium fertilizer tested. The application of olive oil wastewater tends to reduce the concentration of Mg in the plant, similarly to the effect of adding mineral potassium fertilizer. An enhancement of Mn availability takes place in the soil amended with olive oil wastewater, which on occasion has produced Mn concentrations in plant that could be considered phytotoxic or at least excessive. After harvesting, we observed an increase in the amount of exchangeable K in soil with added industrial wastewater. However, these increases are lower than those in soil treated with mineral potassium fertilizer. The levels of exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic‐bound and residual Mg in soil were higher in treatments incorporating olive oil wastewater than in those with added mineral K, with the opposite tendency occurring in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound Mg in soil. Treatments based on olive oil wastewater, especially in high doses, increased the amount of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound Mn in soil, in comparison with treatments adding mineral fertilizers with or without K. In contrast, the addition of industrial wastewater caused a drop in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound and organic‐bound Mn in soil.     

饮用水源突发性苯胺污染应急处理技术研究

分别从水样浓度、pH、反应时间、药剂投加量以及两者联用时的投加顺序等方面研究了粉末活性炭、高锰酸钾以及两者联合使用时对苯胺的去除效果.结果表明,当污染发生时,高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭联用处理技术是可行的;先投加粉末活性炭再加高锰酸钾处理比先投加高锰酸钾再投加活性炭的去除效果好;当水样pH在中性条件下,粉末活性炭和高锰酸钾联用处理技术的去除效果好;应急处理的反应时间是30 min.     

过硫酸钾去除水中的TCE

以地水中的氯代烃污染物三氯乙烯(TCE)为目标污染物,以过硫酸钾溶液为氧化剂,探讨了不同条件下过硫酸钾对TCE的去除效果。实验结果表明,在40℃,过硫酸钾初始浓度为2.43 g/L条件下,反应2 h后,TCE的去除率就可达到96.8%;过硫酸钾对TCE的去除符合一级反应动力学方程,速率常数(K)为1.3364 h-1,半衰期(t1/2)为0.51 h;过硫酸钾对TCE的去除速率在pH为中性附近时最大,其后无论pH升高或降低去除速率均减小;受温度和pH影响较明显,并且反应温度越高,受pH的影响越明显;随离子强度的增加而减小;反应活化能为119.6 kJ/mol;过硫酸钾溶于水生成过硫酸根离子(S2O28-),S2O28-会进一步生成硫酸根自由基(SO4-.),在碱性条件下,SO4-.与OH-反应会进一步生成羟基自由基(.OH)。过硫酸钾对于TCE的去除主要源自SO4-.和.OH的强氧化性。     

不同来源废水COD、TOC与Cl-的关系

通过对含盐化工废水(A)、受潮汐影响的河流水(B)、城市生活污水处理厂排水(C)、采油废水(D)4种不同来源废水进行为期15 d的采样监测,测定了其COD、TOC和Cl-浓度,分析比较了3种废水指标之间的关系,其中COD分别使用重铬酸钾法、氯气校正法和碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法3种方法进行测定.实验结果表明,4种废水Cl-浓...     

用蒽醌生产中的废硫酸制备硫酸钾

研究了以蒽醌生产中的废硫酸为原料,通过缔合,置换,解缔等步骤,制备硫酸钾的最佳工艺条件。在最佳条件下,可使废硫酸中Ｈ２ＳＯ４的质量分数从２３％降至０．６０％,废硫酸成盐率为８９．０１％,硫酸钾纯度为９５．８５％。     

不同方法测定水体总氮存在的问题探讨及条件优化研究

利用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法,探讨了消解时间和消解温度对空白吸光值的影响,认为增加消解时间可以降低空白吸光值,而提高消解温度对空白吸光值的影响不大;对于某些样品中总氮含量低于氨氮含量的现象,将碱性过硫酸钾装入小试管,再放入装有水样的比色管中,虽然能够减少氨气形式逸出的氮含量,但回收率较低;连续流动和流动注射-盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法,在以后的修订中应增加过硫酸钾含氮量以及镉柱还原能力大小的界定.     

Fe3O4活化过硫酸盐体系同步去除诺氟沙星和铅

采用Fe₃O₄活化过硫酸盐（PS）同步去除水中的NOR （诺氟沙星）和Pb （II）.探讨了Fe₃O₄投加量、PS浓度、初始pH值和Pb （II）浓度对NOR降解的影响.结果表明,NOR的降解符合伪一级反应动力学,在温度为30℃、NOR初始浓度为5.0mg/L、Pb （II）浓度为1.0mg/L、Fe₃O₄投加量为2.0g/L、PS浓度为1.5mmol/L、初始pH值为7.0的条件下,反应120min后,NOR降解率达90.2%,Pb （II）去除率为99.5%.自由基淬灭实验证实,硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）是NOR降解的主要自由基.通过LC-MS分析结果推测了NOR可能的降解路径和中间产物.Fe₃O₄活化PS高级氧化工艺可作为一种同步去除有机污染物和重金属的工艺.     

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of aniline by heat-assisted persulfate oxidation

Oxidation of aniline by persulfate in aqueous solutions was investigated and the reaction kinetic rates under different temperature, persulfate concentration and pH conditions were examined in batch experiments. The results showed that, the aniline degradation followed pseudo first-order reaction model. Aniline degradation rate increased with increasing temperature or persulfate concentration. In the pH range of 3 to 11, a low aniline degradation rate was obtained at strong acid system (pH 3), while a high degradation rate was achieved at strong alkalinity (pH 11). Maximum aniline degradation occurred at pH 7 when the solution was in a weak level of acid and alkalinity (pH 5, 7 and 9). Produced intermediates during the oxidation process were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. And nitrobenzene, 4-4’-diaminodiphenyl and 1-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylhydrazine have been identified as the major intermediates of aniline oxidation by persulfate and the degradation mechanism of aniline was also tentatively proposed.     

基于高铁酸钾同步氧化-絮凝技术在污水处理中的研究进展

Fe(Ⅵ)具有较高的氧化还原电位,Fe(OH)3具有良好的絮凝效果,废水处理中高铁酸钾发挥同步氧化和絮凝作用。介绍高铁酸钾处理各种难降解废水的机理,同时分析高铁酸钾投加量、pH、反应温度、反应时间等因素对各种废水去除效果的影响。并提出基于高铁酸钾同步氧化絮凝技术处理污水的局限性和未来的发展方向。