Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

三种氧化剂预处理有机物、氨氮和锰复合原水的比较研究

针对中国水源水污染严重,多呈复合污染的问题,因此,对常用的氧化剂氧化复合污染的原水进行了研究。主要包括三种水处理药剂臭氧、高锰酸钾和氯对有机物、氨氮和锰的处理效能及抗污染负荷的研究,并进一步从安全性进行了比较。研究结果表明,高锰酸钾可以部分去除水中消毒副产物前驱物,适合复合污染水体;若利用臭氧预氧化,更适用尤以有机物污染严重的水质;预氯化将导致水中消毒副产物生成量增加。     

连续光源原子吸收法测定地表水中钾钠钙镁

利用连续光源原子吸收光谱法直接测定地表水中钾、钠、钙、镁,重点讨论了铯盐、镧盐及SO42-、Al3＋等干扰离子对钾、钠、钙、镁的影响以及不同浓度范围采用主、次灵敏线测量时曲线的线性、仪器检出限、精密度、准确度,结果表明高分辨连续光源原子吸收光谱法测定地表水中钾、钠、钙、镁方法简单,节省时间,具有较高的实用价值。     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

早稻秸秆还田和减钾对晚稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

水稻秸秆是华南双季稻区重要的有机肥资源,为探讨早稻秸秆还田条件下钾肥减量施用对晚稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,于广东省白云区和惠阳区开展大田试验,设置常规施肥（CK）、秸秆还田+常规施肥处理（RS）和秸秆还田+钾肥减施20%（RS-K）这3个处理,分析不同处理的晚稻生物量、钾含量和产量,及土壤速效钾、有机碳、细菌多样性和群落结构等土壤肥力性质的变化.结果表明,RS-K处理的水稻生物量和产量与CK处理无显著差异.与CK相比,RS处理的水稻植株钾含量平均提高了3.97%（白云）和6.91%（惠阳）.RS-K处理的植株钾含量在水稻生长前期显著低于CK处理,但在水稻生长后期两者无显著差异.与CK相比,RS处理显著提高了土壤速效钾含量,平均增幅达13.90%（白云）和21.67%（惠阳）;RS-K处理的土壤速效钾也较CK处理提高了3.56%（白云）和4.23%（惠阳）.秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤可溶性有机碳含量,但对土壤pH值、有机碳、微生物量碳、硝态氮、铵态氮和有效磷含量无显著影响.与CK相比,秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤细菌的Chao1和Shannon指数;秸秆还田处理还显著提升了变形菌门、放线菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度,而降低了酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度;冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、有效磷和速效钾含量是驱动土壤细菌结构群落变化的主要环境因素.综上,早稻秸秆还田可提高土壤速效钾含量和晚稻钾含量,在早稻秸秆还田条件下钾肥减施20%对晚稻钾营养水平和产量均没有产生明显负面影响,且能提高土壤有机碳和细菌多样性.因此,在华南双季稻区,早稻秸秆还田配合钾肥减施20%有利于化肥减施、粮食稳产和培肥地力,对农业绿色发展具有重要意义.     

超声复合铁碳活化过硫酸盐处理有机废水

通过搭建超声复合铁碳活化过硫酸盐耦合系统（US/PS/Fe-C）,用于处理三苯甲烷衍生物结晶紫（CV）.结果表明US/PS/Fe-C三元体系具有良好的耦合效果.对商品铁碳和自制的不同工艺铁碳活化剂,分别采用X-射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对活化剂的结构和表面形貌进行分析.使用商品铁碳作为活化剂研究不同因素对US/PS/Fe-C三元耦合体系降解CV的影响,其最优条件为：PDS浓度2 mmol ·L^-1,铁碳活化剂1 g ·L^-1,pH未调,30 min后对质量浓度为15 mg ·L^-1CV的去除率达90%.探究阴阳离子对于体系的影响,发现Mg²⁺和NO^3-对体系处理几乎没有影响,Mn²⁺、Cl^-和CO₃^2-对于体系的处理有一定的抑制作用,Fe²⁺在低浓度时可以促进反应,在高浓度时会抑制反应.通过加入不同的淬灭剂,得出在该体系中主要含有¹O₂、SO₄^- ·、·O₂^-和·OH这4种活性物质.     

Assessment of the Immune Status of Women Working in the Potassium Salt Industry and Their Children

The state of the immune system was studied in the women working at the OAO Uralkalii (Berezniki) and OAO Sil'vinit (Solikamsk), where they were permanently exposed to salts and halite waste, and their children born after at least three years of such exposure. The control group consisted of women who had no occupational contact with salts and halite wastes and of their children. No significant differences between the differential leukocyte counts and immunograms of the women working at the OAO Uralkalii and OAO Sil'vinit and their children were found. The main parameters of the immune system of women and their children both in the first and second groups were within the norm.     

Experimental Investigation of Potassium and Nitrate Dynamics in A Headwater Stream in Mid-Wales

Potassium and nitrate were added experimentally to a small moorland stream in the headwaters of the River Wye, mid-Wales, during summer and winter low-flow conditions. Nutrient losses at three downstream sampling locations were calculated using concentrations of an added bromide tracer to correct for dilution effects. During the summer experiment, approximately 18% of the added nitrate and 58% of the potassium were removed from the stream water between the point of addition and the catchment outlet. During the winter experiment, nitrate depletion was not observed and the added nitrate travelled along the stream at the same rate as the bromide tracer, while approximately 93% of the added potassium passed through the stream but, at a slower rate than the bromide and nitrate. the results show that in-stream processes, probably related to biological activity of macrophytes and microflora, can regulate stream water concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the summer under stable flow conditions. During the winter, no removal of nitrate or potassium was observed but ion exchange processes involving biofilms, Sphagnum and/or stream sediment may explain the temporary retention of potassium within the stream channel. If similar ion exchange processes operate at high flows, they may account for the hysteresis relationship observed between potassium and discharge during storm events in many upland streams.     

不同粒径零价铁活化过硫酸钠氧化降解酸性橙7的影响及动力学研究

以偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)为目标污染物,研究了不同粒径零价铁(包括1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI、50 nm-ZVI)对活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解AO7的影响,并探讨了这3种不同粒径的零价铁活化体系中AO7的降解动力学及中间产物.结果表明,3种粒径零价铁均可以高效活化PS氧化降解AO7,反应90 min后,1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI和50 nm-ZVI活化体系对AO7的去除率分别为43%、97%和100%.AO7动力学方程拟合结果表明,1 mm-ZVI和150μm-ZVI活化PS降解AO7是一级反应,50 nm-ZVI活化体系中AO7的降解是二级反应,这3种粒径零价铁活化PS降解AO7的速率常数大小顺序为50 nm-ZVI>150μm-ZVI>1 mm-ZVI.反应过程中1 mm-ZVI反应后主要生成α-Fe2O3和少量Fe3O4,150μm-ZVI表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe3O4,而50 nm-ZVI的主要氧化物为α-Fe2O3和α-FeOOH.GC/MS检测出AO7降解中间产物有2-萘酚、邻甲酚、3-甲基-4-乙基苯酚、邻苯二甲酰亚胺、邻苯二甲酸等,AO7溶液吸收光谱的变化特征及GC/MS检测结果表明3种粒径零价铁活化PS氧化降解AO7的途径可能存在差异.