气候变化对于桥水库总磷与溶解氧的潜在影响分析

对于桥水库1992~2011年20年间的气候要素和水质指标进行数理分析,探求气候变化对该库总磷与溶解氧的潜在影响.首先,根据气温MK突变检验和距平分析,将研究期划分为1992~2001低温低风速年和2002~2011高温高风速年两个时段;其次,在应用上改进非参数回归分析法,图示比较两个时段各要素非线性趋势,获取气候要素在两个时段间的季节性变化规律;最后,通过比较两个时段气候要素对水质指标潜在影响的可能性,利用双k值潜在影响判别法揭示潜在影响规律.结果表明,气候要素在各季节的变化有可能对水库总磷和溶解氧浓度造成潜在影响.通过探讨入库负荷和库总磷浓度的年际变化差异,以及观测高温年、低温年水生植物春季物候和总磷浓度,证实春季气温升高降低了水库总磷浓度.该研究为探究气候变化对于桥水库水质的影响机制和规律提供参考依据.     

驯化矿化垃圾CH4氧化速率和N2O释放研究

利用畜禽废水驯化矿化垃圾,并将其与原生矿化垃圾和粘土对比,分析了土壤理化性质、含水率、温度等对CH4氧化能力和N2O释放的影响.研究表明:驯化矿化垃圾对CH4的氧化能力(15.48 μmol·g-·h-1)明显高于原生矿化垃圾和所选粘土土样;材料的粒径尺寸、有机质、氨氮硝化率及硝态氮生成率均与CH4氧化能力有着显著的正相关性;驯化矿化垃圾在加入蒸馏水后释放大量的N2O,产生N2O的量是原生矿化垃圾的2倍,并且比粘土高一个数量级.由于驯化矿化垃圾对环境的适应能力强,CH4氧化能力高,进而能够减少温室气体排放,可作为一种较为理想的填埋场覆土材料.     

天水市大气降尘组成特征及表面电性模拟研究

对甘肃省天水市麦积镇大气降尘粒度分布及主要矿物组成进行了分析,并以实际降尘ζ电位作为参照,根据降尘中主要矿物组成的质量百分比,提出了计算法和混合法两种模拟大气降尘在水溶液中表面电性的方法.结果表明,麦积地区大气降尘属于可吸入颗粒粒度尺寸范畴,其主要矿物组成与质量含量为：石英（57.08%）、方解石（27.79%）、钠长石（10.29%）、白云母（4.84%）. 大气降尘在纯水中呈电负性,且ζ电位随着水溶液pH增加而减小.通过对比实际降尘与拟合方法所得到的ζ电位,发现两种拟合方式与实际降尘的ζ电位具有相似的变化趋势.降尘中矿物组成主导着降尘表面电位的大小和变化趋势,其对降尘表面电位的贡献率是最主要的.     

nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为研究

nTiO2进入水环境后,其存在形态及环境行为主要受水环境因素影响.以P25 nTiO2为研究对象,通过改变nTiO2悬浊液的pH值、电解质和表面活性剂种类,分析了nTiO2的分散、团聚及沉降行为.结果表明,pH通过改变nTiO2颗粒的Zeta电位影响nTiO2在水中的稳定性,等电点附近nTiO2发生显著聚沉.nTiO2颗粒选择性吸附AlCl3、CaCl2、NaCl及Na2SO4电离产生的荷电离子,阳离子的吸附中和了TiO2颗粒表面的负电荷,导致颗粒急速聚沉;阴离子的吸附使颗粒间静电斥力增强,颗粒稳定存在于水中.不同类型的表面活性剂通过改变nTiO2颗粒表面性质,增强nTiO2颗粒在水中的稳定性.运用DLVO理论建立了nTiO2的势能方程,势能曲线拟合结果表明,水环境条件通过影响颗粒间势能大小影响nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为.     

镁铝复合脱色絮凝剂的微观结构形态及絮凝机制

通过红外光谱和X-射线衍射研究了镁铝复合絮凝剂(PMAS)的结构形态,通过对渗滤液生化出水的脱色效果和系统Zeta电位的测定,分析了絮凝机制.结果表明:①X-射线衍射和红外结果显示,PMAS是以羟基桥联的铝和镁的复杂多聚物;②PMAS的絮凝机制主要是电中和和网捕卷扫作用.在低投药量时,以吸附电中和作用为主;在高投药量时,随体系pH值不同其絮凝行为而有所变化:酸性条件下以电中和机制为主;碱性条件下以网捕卷扫机制为主;中性条件下则是两种机制共同发挥作用.     

Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane (CH 4 ) emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second (2011) and third (2012) rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season (WR), of rice straw but no wheat straw return (R), of wheat straw but no rice straw return (W) and a control with no straw return (CK), were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha (2011) and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha (2012). The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

长江流域水质型缺水态势及节水思路初探

水质型缺水是长江流域的主要缺水类型之一。通过研究认为，长江流域以河流、湖泊和水库为水源的水质型缺水主要是由于污水排放引起，以地下水为水源的水质型缺水主要是农药、化肥其残留物、各种垃圾废弃物的渗滤液、以及海水和苦咸水侵入造成，因此，水质型缺水地区节水的实质是保护现有水资源，防止水污染。通过对长江流域水质型缺水地区农业、工业和生活节水存在问题以及节水难点的分析，认为，长江流域水质型缺水地区农业节水潜力巨大，工业节水和生活节水仍有较大的节水空间，农业节水可从提高灌溉水利用系数、推广节水灌溉面积取得突破成果，工业节水可从工业技术改造和技术更新、分质供水及中水利用取得突破成果，生活节水可从降低管网漏失率和大力推广节水器具取得突破性成果。     

Determination of groundwater potential in obiaruku and environs using surface geoelectric sounding

The interpretation of ten resistivity curves in Obiaruku and environs indicates that the area has a great groundwater potential. Correlation of the curves with the lithologic log from a nearby borehole in Ghana quarters, reveals the lithologic succession as an extensive sandy unit between the range of 20 m and 136 m. The medium grained sand unit, which is the aquiferous zone, has a resistivity range of between 300 Ω m and 600 Ω m. The result of the interpreted data and the lithologic log from the borehole indicates three to five geoelectric layers except at Adonishaka, which has a confined aquifer in the third layer and Umukwata that has a confined aquifer in the second layer, the study area generally has an unconfined aquifer, which is in the second layer. In the event of pollution, the groundwater may be contaminated. Sinking of water borehole is not recommended in these areas. Boreholes for potable water are therefore recommended at locations within Adonishaka and Umukwata areas. The present study acts as a guide for future groundwater exploration and exploitation.