Al13形态的凝胶层析分离及分离级分特性对比

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法、透射电镜(TEM)和ZATESIZER测定仪对分离纯化过程中所得3个级分进行了分析表征和电荷特性的研究;采用烧杯实验法对3个级分处理实际和模拟水样的混凝效果进行了对比性研究.Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法和TEM结果表明,在层析法分离中级分随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到含量95 %左右的纳米Al₁₃形态;电荷特性和混凝效果研究结果表明,第3个级分其他两者具有更好的除浊、除腐殖酸和脱色效果,并且具有更强的电中和能力,因此Al₁₃形态是一种具有较高正电荷和较高的水解稳定性以及宽的pH适用范围,在给水和废水处理中是一种较为有效的Al形态.     

贵州高原红枫湖水库季节性分层的水环境质量响应

为了揭示贵州高原深水水库水体的垂直分层结构及其水环境质量响应特征,于2008年8月~2009年10月对红枫湖水库5个采样点进行了45次采样,对水文、营养盐等湖沼学变量季节动态和分布进行了分析,探讨了季节性水质恶化事件的发生机制.结果表明,红枫湖水库水体呈单循环混合模式,在4~9月形成分层,但没有典型分层湖泊的温跃层变化,这种不显著的分层导致了水化学的分层.叶绿素a、总磷、总氮和氨氮平均值分别为13.6mg/m3,0.063mg/L,1.22mg/L,0.347mg/L;透明度为1.9m.指示该水库处于中-富营养状态.分层期底层溶解氧在0.3~6.9mg/L之间、平均为2.6mg/L,氮磷质量比在8~104之间,表明红枫湖水库是一个底层滞留带季节性缺氧的高氮、磷限制型水库.贵州高原深水水库季节性水质恶化事件与水体分层结构失稳有关,是富营养化水库在气温骤降时发生“翻湖”所导致的结果,也是贵州高原深水水库富营养化的另一种表现形式.     

固定化微生物柱对染料废水的脱色试验

以凹凸棒粘土颗粒为载体,混合固定化筛选出的７株高效脱色菌,组装成固定化微生物反应柱。该生物柱对各种染料废水均有良好的脱色作用,在染料为唯一碳源和能源时,对６０ｍｇ／Ｌ的混合染料６ｈ能脱色９１％,对于用染槽废液与食堂废水配制的实际废水,能在７２ｈ的连续流动态下,保持８０％以上的脱色率。固定化微生物柱的脱色机理是凹凸棒颗粒对染料的吸附和细菌对染料的降解的双重作用。     

汽车镀锌板泥浆附着研究初探

介绍了镀锌板在大气和土壤中的研究结果;简要讨论了镀锌板通常出现的腐蚀形式;分析了镀锌板在泥浆状态中的腐蚀状况.其腐蚀是大气与土壤腐蚀的一个衔接过程,影响因素很多,可控性差.针对汽车板泥浆附着的腐蚀问题,设计了一种简化的研究模型,尝试性地做了一些实验室的研究,提出了几种可行的研究方法.     

金山湖底泥重金属稳定化处理效果及机制研究

采用氧化钙和过氧化钙及二者混合物对底泥中的重金属进行稳定化试验,研究了稳定化后底泥中重金属迁移情况,并对底泥重金属稳定化技术的机制进行初步探讨.酸雨淋溶试验结果表明,底泥经CaO、CaO CaO2、CaO2稳定化后, pH=2.9时, Zn迁移到第3层,其首层迁移量分别为96、97和93mg/kg,而空白试验中Zn迁移至第6层,首层迁移量为128mg/kg; pH:5.0时, Zn迁移到第3层,其首层迁移量分别为87、90和89mg/kg,而空白试验中Zn迁移至第5层,首层迁移量为112mg/kg,这说明稳定化底泥中Zn的迁移速度和首层迁移量均有降低,3种稳定化药剂能够降低其在土壤中的迁移能力;淋溶液pH值对Zn的迁移能力有影响, pH较高能够减缓Zn在土壤中的迁移速度,降低其首层迁移量; Ni和Cd的酸雨淋溶试验也可得出同样结论.重金属稳定化机制试验结果表明,经上述3种药剂稳定化处理后,底泥pH值由6.76分别上升到8.33、8.15和8.21, TOC含量分别降低5%、10.9%和13.1%; Zn、Ni和Cd的稳定态含量分别增加10.6%、1.7%和4.5%,这是导致重金属迁移能力下降的主要原因;由此可见,3种药剂对同一金属的稳定化作用无明显差异;从不稳定态向稳定态转化的比例来看,稳定化药剂对不稳定态金属的稳定能力次序为: Zn>Cd>Ni.     

我国典型钢铁行业主要工艺环节排放颗粒物源成分谱特征

鉴于我国钢铁行业排放颗粒物源成分谱数量不足,有待更新的现状,致力于服务精细化颗粒物源解析的需求,采用稀释通道系统对武汉市某钢铁公司的3个主要工艺环节(烧结、炼钢、炼铁)排放源进行了采样.构建了3类PM_(2.5)源成分谱及3类PM_(10)成分谱,对源谱主要化学组分特征进行了研究,并与国内其他区域已有的钢铁行业源谱研究进行了对比.结果表明:(1)烧结工艺源成分谱中,SO_4~(2-)、Al和NH_4~+等含量高,PM_(2.5)源谱中质量分数依次为22. 2%、4. 5%和3. 5%,PM_(10)源谱中依次为36. 0%、5. 2%和2. 7%,炼铁工艺Fe元素含量最高,在PM_(2.5)源谱和PM_(10)源谱中分别达到28. 3%和24. 5%,炼钢工艺源谱Ca、Fe元素等为主要组分;(2)元素组分中,烧结工艺S元素含量最高,地壳元素在PM_(10)源谱中含量更高,炼铁工艺Pb、Cr等重金属含量偏高,炼钢工艺Cr富集;(3)源谱之间分歧系数的计算显示,同类工艺粗细粒径源谱相似性偏高,烧结工艺与其他两类工艺源谱之间差异性较高,炼钢工艺与炼铁工艺差异性较低.同国内其他区域研究源谱相比,发现Fe、Si和Ca等为钢铁行业排放颗粒物中标识性组分,而碳组分和SO_4~(2-)等组分特征随生产方式、除污设备等不同表现出不同特征.     

小冲杆试验测定重离子辐照A508-3钢的硬化和脆化

目的采用小冲杆测试方法测量高能重离子辐照反应堆压力容器A508-3钢的辐照硬化和脆化特性,为工况条件下反应堆压力容器寿命预测提供实验依据。方法采用兰州重离子加速器提供的高能C^(6+)离子通过减能装置在290℃条件下开展A508-3钢辐照实验,并在样品表面形成一定厚度、准均匀分布的离位损伤层。通过开展不同辐照剂量辐照样品的小冲杆测试,得到不同辐照剂量A508-3钢的小冲杆载荷-位移曲线。通过对小冲杆测试得到的载荷-位移曲线的分析,测定不同辐照剂量样品的辐照硬化和脆化特性。结果压力容器A508-3钢辐照样品的硬化和脆化随着辐照剂量的增加逐渐增强,0.15 dpa以前呈线性增长,而后缓慢增大,约0.2 dpa时达到饱和趋势。结论通过小冲杆测试可以得到离子辐照样品的硬化和脆化行为,A508-3钢辐照硬化和脆化行为具有一致的变化趋势。     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

黑色金属材料在长江淡水中的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴露试验,获得了2种碳钢、3种不锈钢及1种不锈钢与碳钢复合板材料在武汉长江淡水中的4年腐蚀试验结果,总结了它们的腐蚀行为。结果表明,Q235和16Mn碳钢在武汉长江中有较高的腐蚀率和明显的点蚀,稳定腐蚀率为0.055 mm/a;暴露4 a,奥氏体不锈钢304和316L没有明显腐蚀,而马氏体不锈钢430有较明显的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀;马氏体不锈钢0Cr13Ni5Mo与Q345C复合钢板在长江淡水中使用4 a后,0Cr13Ni5Mo发生严重的点蚀,说明马氏体不锈钢在淡水中的应用应慎重。     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in di erent filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C11 to C20 were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in di erent media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant di erences among the eight di erent media by Tukey’s honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly di erent in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline e uent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.