基于射线追踪法的态势计算的优化

区域态势仿真通常会采用在既定区域内放置大量的点状接收机来接收电磁信号,分析计算信号功率与场强,从而达到模拟态势区域的目的。这就要求每个点状接收机都需要进行信号的处理与计算,计算上的重复性很大。采用n米采点投影的方法,假定接收区域投影为长方形,将其划分成n*n米2的小正方形。发出射线后,从射线进入接收区域的位置开始,每隔n米对射线信号进行取样。该方法可以大幅度提高计算效率,且在仿真应用中得到了较好的效果。     

Predicting the effects of urbanization on runoff after frequent rainfall events

Urbanization dynamics are commonly subjected to powerful market forces, only partly managed by land-use plans. The density, location and pattern of urbanized areas affect rainfall-runoff relations. Consequently, it is essential to understand future impacts of urbanization on runoff and produce focused regulation. The goal was to analyze land-cover scenarios and their impact on runoff in an urbanized watershed in Israel. Present and predicted land-cover scenarios in a densely populated watershed were produced. The runoff response to rainfall was then simulated using a hydrological model. The impact of implementing afforestation and quarrying national outline plans was considered. By the year 2050, 50% of the watershed will be urbanized with a linear increase in runoff response. Afforestation and quarrying plans show little effect on runoff, although quarries may decrease runoff through percolation. As urbanization is expected to continue spreading in adjacent watersheds, statutory measures should be applied to mitigating runoff.     

Ability of Matrix Models to Explain the Past and Predict the Future of Plant Populations

Uncertainty associated with ecological forecasts has long been recognized, but forecast accuracy is rarely quantified. We evaluated how well data on 82 populations of 20 species of plants spanning 3 continents explained and predicted plant population dynamics. We parameterized stage‐based matrix models with demographic data from individually marked plants and determined how well these models forecast population sizes observed at least 5 years into the future. Simple demographic models forecasted population dynamics poorly; only 40% of observed population sizes fell within our forecasts’ 95% confidence limits. However, these models explained population dynamics during the years in which data were collected; observed changes in population size during the data‐collection period were strongly positively correlated with population growth rate. Thus, these models are at least a sound way to quantify population status. Poor forecasts were not associated with the number of individual plants or years of data. We tested whether vital rates were density dependent and found both positive and negative density dependence. However, density dependence was not associated with forecast error. Forecast error was significantly associated with environmental differences between the data collection and forecast periods. To forecast population fates, more detailed models, such as those that project how environments are likely to change and how these changes will affect population dynamics, may be needed. Such detailed models are not always feasible. Thus, it may be wiser to make risk‐averse decisions than to expect precise forecasts from models. Habilidad de los Modelos Matriciales para Explicar el Pasado y Predecir el Futuro de las Poblaciones de Plantas     

舟山群岛降水中阴离子及pH值的特征分析

通过对舟山站点降水中的4种阴离子(F^-、Cl^-、NO^3-和SO4₄^2-)及pH值近2a的连续观测,对阴离子和pH值的范围及变化趋势进行了描述;利用本征矢量投影技术对实验数据进行降维处理,并对造成异常样品点的影响因素进行了分析.进一步因子分析结果显示,舟山站点降水样本点在阴离子及pH值方面的分布特征可基本确定为2个因子,SO₄^2--NO₃^-因子(FA1)及Cl^-因子(FA2),可将其概括为“人类活动因子”与“海洋因子”,因子分析结果得到的主要因子FA1、FA2与本征矢量投影得到的主成分PC1、PC2基本对应,因子分析的结果对解释影响样品点差异的实际变量方面更具实际意义,即舟山站点样本点的异常值可归为2类,受SO4₄^2---NO₃^-因子(FA1)影响及受Cl^-因子(FA2)影响.     

水环境质量评价的投影寻踪模型及其应用

将投影寻踪分类模型应用于水环境质量综合评价中,利用基于实码的加速遗传算法来优化投影方向,将多维数据指标转换成低维子空间,通过寻求最优投影方向来计算投影函数值,从而根据投影值的大小进行水环境质量评价。结合实例进行了应用,结果较令人满意,为水环境质量评价提供了一条新的方法和途径。     

基于变权重和信息熵的区域水资源安全投影寻踪评价模型

区域水资源安全评价是气候变化下区域水安全管理的一项重要调控措施。为合理确定各评价指标的权重,提出了把权重结构分解为评价指标的单样本权重和样本集权重的新观点,建立了用基于加速遗传算法的模糊层次分析法和最小相对信息熵原理确定单样本权重、用基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪模型和最大信息熵原理确定样本集权重的新模型--基于变权重和信息熵的投影寻踪评价模型（CWE PP）。将CWE PP模型应用于全国水资源安全背景下的巢湖流域水资源安全评价,结果表明：巢湖流域水资源安全状况整体上介于重度缺水与中度缺水之间,偏向重度缺水,略低于安徽省水资源安全状况。用CWE PP进行区域水资源安全评价,物理概念明确,计算结果合理,方法通用,在资源与环境综合评价中具有一定的推广应用价值。     

基于两阶段降维的中国经济发展协调性评价

为了研究中国2000 - 2008年间经济发展与环境、资源、人民生活水平三个方面的协调程度,本文建立了包括4个子系统、9个子项目、112个指标的评价指标体系,利用主成分分析方法与投影寻踪方法对评价指标进行两阶段降维分析,将高维数据转化为直观的评价值.根据最终投影函数值对2000 - 2008年中国经济发展的总体协调性进行了评价,评价结果显示:近年来,中国经济发展协调性发展趋势良好,且各子系统对经济发展的协调性都有着重要影响.在对各子系统的发展情况迸一步分析后指出:对于环境、资源、生活子系统的发展影响最大的子项目分别是污染排放与治理、矿物能源和农村生活水平.为了衡量各子系统间的协调程度,本文提出了一种新的计算系统间协调度的方法,在现有系统协调度评价方法的基础上进行了一定的改进.经济—环境、经济—资源、经济—生活三组子系统的协调度计算结果显示:各组子系统间的协调度都在经历迅速提高后,逐渐回落波动至平稳,而环境、资源和生活子系统的发展目前仍滞后于经济子系统.     

区域水资源开发利用程度综合评价的GPPIM

水资源开发利用程度评价是一个由多指标组成的复杂巨系统,其难点是如何合理地建立评价该系统的数学模型。当前的评价模型随着评价内容的不同而变化,精度较难控制。为解决单项水资源开发利用程度评价指标评价结果的不相容问题,提高水资源开发利用程度综合评价各层次的分辩力和评价模型的精度,论文采用大样本数据,利用投影寻踪、遗传算法、插值型曲线和水资源开发利用程度评价标准,为水资源开发利用程度综合评价建立了一种新的数学模型---遗传投影寻踪插值模型(GPPIM)。实例研究表明,GPPIM建模方法直观、可靠、精度高,既有较强的分类功能,又有较好的排序功能,可广泛应用于各种水资源问题的综合评价。     

环境质量评价中关键因子识别的方法研究

应用投影寻踪聚类方法分析环境影响指标的数据资料 ,不但可以根据数据内在特性确定各评价指标的相对权重 ,避免权重人为给定的任意性 ,而且还可以通过逐次筛选找出影响环境质量的关键因子。本文将该方法成功地应用于南京市秦淮河水环境评价中 ,筛选出了影响秦淮河水质的关键因子 ,可供秦淮河水环境监测和治理作参考。另一方面 ,该方法还可以推广应用于其它类似问题的综合分析研究中。     

基于投影寻踪聚类的油气管道失效可能性评价

为保障油气管道运行安全,将投影寻踪聚类的方法引入油气管道失效可能性评价中,从系统理论的角度将油气管道失效分为致灾因子危险性、承灾体的脆弱性和应对能力脆弱性3个子系统,据此建立油气管道失效可能性评估指标体系,然后基于投影寻踪聚类的失效可能性评价模型,对油气管道失效可能性进行量化分析,从而确定其失效可能性等级。实例分析表明,所建立的失效可能性评价模型能对油气管道失效可能性进行评价,可为管道的风险管理提供决策依据。