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101.
概述了如何利用折线法和滚球法确定避雷针保护范围 ,并通过分析对比两者的安全性 ,提出了必须具体问题具体对待才能做到安全防雷 相似文献
102.
SEEMA NAYAN SHETH‡ LÚCIA G. LOHMANN† TRISHA CONSIGLIO IVÁN JIMÉNEZ 《Conservation biology》2008,22(1):200-211
Abstract: Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data. 相似文献
103.
104.
The crucial parameter used to calculate turbulence effects upon light waves propagating through the atmosphere is known as
the structure constant, . As Tatarski has shown, this parameter depends upon the “outer scale” of the inertial sub-range of the turbulence. Recently
there have been successful predictions of astronomical “seeing” conditions at Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory which have
increased interest in this subject and in the use of the so-called “Dewan Optical Turbulence Model”. In the case of the Air
Force, there has been a longstanding need for such optical turbulence prediction, especially in the stratosphere. In the past
researchers have used a relation due to Tatarski, (which plays a prominent role in this model) in order to deduce values of
the “outer scale” from measurements. When doing this, they have been surprised to find values very much smaller than expected. The goal of the paper
is to explain this unexpected result. As we will show, this result can be explained by two factors: (a) the average turbulent
layer thicknesses are smaller than originally believed, and, more importantly, (b) only a minor fraction of the stratosphere
is turbulent. In order to arrive at this conclusion, we used the high-resolution (10 m) wind profiles that were originally
used to formulate the previously mentioned optical turbulence model.
The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
105.
Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture. 相似文献
106.
本文在对我国10多个省(自治区)2o多个自然保护区的实际调查和全国资料的统计分析基础上,从我国自然保护区的管理体制、管理机构建设、资源的保护与适度开发利用、科学研究与宣传教育等方面,全面分析了我国自然保护区有效管理的现状,总结了取得的成绩和存在的问题,并针对存在的主要问题,提出了相应的对策与建议。 相似文献
107.
赤峰市科尔沁沙地重要生态功能保护区生态环境现状评价及可持续发展战略探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对科尔沁沙地生态环境特点、现状、生态环境恶化的主要原因及对经济、社会和环境产生的影响进行了评价,并提出了科尔沁沙地经济、社会可持续发展的对策及发展战略,为全面落实《全国生态保护纲要》提供依据。 相似文献
108.
109.
Wetland is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the earth. The main purpose of establishing wetland protected area is to protect biodiversity, and the protection of ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity is the key to protect biodiversity. In order to protect regional ecosystem and landscape, it is a good way to establish wetland comprehensive protected area which connected wetland nature reserves by habitat corridors. The Sanjiang Plain as a study area, its landscape evaluation index system on wetland protected area was studied, and some problems on landscape planning and ecology construction were further approached in this paper. It showed that establishing wetland comprehensive protected area is very important to protect regional wetlands, to maintain ecological balance,and to improve the sustainable development of agriculture and industry in this region. 相似文献
110.
我国自然保护区有效管理评价指标研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文根据我国自然保护区建设速度较快但管理水平较低的现状,在多年调查研究的基础上,提出制定自然保护区有效管理评价标准的必要性,并详细阐述了在保护区管理条件、管理措施、科研基础和管理成效等四个方面的评价内容,提出13项评价指标,进而作了详细的评分等级划分,提出一套评价全国自然保护区管理质量的指标体系,为全国自然保护区管理的监督检查提供了一套简便适用、易于操作的评判标准。 相似文献