Perspectives on area-based conservation and its meaning for future biodiversity policy

During 2021, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are expected to meet in Kunming, China, to agree on a new global biodiversity framework aimed at halting and reversing biodiversity loss, encouraging the sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensuring the equitable sharing of its benefits. As the post-2020 global biodiversity framework evolves, parties to the convention are being exposed to a range of perspectives on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, relating to the future framework as a whole or to aspects of it. Area-based conservation measures are one such aspect, and there are diverse perspectives on how new targets might be framed in relation to these measures. These perspectives represent different outlooks on the relationship between human and nonhuman life on Earth. However, in most cases there is a lack of clarity on how they would be implemented in practice, the implications this would have for biodiversity and human well-being, and how they would contribute to achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity of “living in harmony with nature.” We sought to clarify these issues by summarizing some of these perspectives in relation to the future of area-based biodiversity conservation. We identified these perspectives through a review of the literature and expert consultation workshops and compiled them into 4 main groups: Aichi+, ambitious area-based conservation perspectives, new conservation, and whole-earth conservation. We found that although the perspectives Aichi+ and whole earth are in some cases at odds with one another, they also have commonalities, and all perspectives have elements that can contribute to developing and implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and achieving the longer term CBD 2050 Vision.     

液态 CO2 相变致裂煤层增透技术布孔方式研究

液态CO2相变致裂技术是一种新颖的低透煤层增透技术。为了更好地将液态CO2相变致裂技术运用到低透气煤层增透领域中,在平煤十三矿进行了液态CO2相变致裂的穿层强化预抽煤层瓦斯现场试验,通过煤层致裂后的瓦斯抽采效果反映出的不同布孔方式下的致裂差异,确定液态CO2的爆破孔的合理布孔方式。现场试验表明液态CO2相变致裂在交错的梅花孔布置方式下由于能量分布均匀,致裂效果优于矩形孔布置方式,研究结果为该技术在煤层增透强化预抽领域的推广应用奠定了基础。     

Economic costs of achieving current conservation goals in the future as climate changes

Conservation of biologically diverse regions has thus far been accomplished largely through the establishment and maintenance of protected areas. Climate change is expected to shift climate space of many species outside existing reserve boundaries. We used climate-envelope models to examine shifts in climate space of 11 species that are representative of the Mount Hamilton Project area (MHPA) (California, U.S.A.), which includes areas within Alameda, Santa Clara, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, and San Benito counties and is in the state's Central Coast ecoregion. We used Marxan site-selection software to determine the minimum area required as climate changes to achieve a baseline conservation goal equal to 80% of existing climate space for all species in the MHPA through 2050 and 2100. Additionally, we assessed the costs associated with use of existing conservation strategies (land acquisition and management actions such as species translocation, monitoring, and captive breeding) necessary to meet current species-conservation goals as climate changes. Meeting conservation goals as climate changes through 2050 required an additional 256,000 ha (332%) of protected area, primarily to the south and west of the MHPA. Through 2050 the total cost of land acquisition and management was estimated at US$1.67-1.79 billion, or 139-149% of the cost of achieving the same conservation goals with no climate change. To maintain 80% of climate space through 2100 required nearly 380,000 additional hectares that would cost $2.46-2.62 billion, or 209-219% of the cost of achieving the same conservation goals with no climate change. Furthermore, maintaining 80% of existing climate space within California for 27% of the focal species was not possible by 2100 because climate space for these species did not exist in the state. The high costs of conserving species as the climate changes-that we found in an assessment of one conservation project-highlights the need for tools that will aid in iterative goal setting given the uncertainty of the effects of climate change and adaptive management that includes new conservation strategies and consideration of the long-term economic costs of conservation.     

东北自然保护区压力威胁影响因子及趋势

论文运用世界自然保护区委员会(WCPA)和世界自然基金会(WWF)推荐的自然保护区管理快速评估和优先性确定方法(RAPPAM),对东北地区部分自然保护区面临的压力和威胁及其发展趋势进行了调查分析。结果显示,在保护区所面临的14种威胁因子中,火灾、林木砍伐、偷猎、非林木产品采集(NTFP)、旅游、放牧6个因子的影响范围较广、影响程度较高、影响时间较长,是保护区应重点控制的威胁因子。因此,今后的保护区管理应加强对火灾、林木砍伐和非木质林产品采集等因素的监控,同时通过制定相关政策、采取适当措施有效控制并减少保护区生态旅游对保护对象产生的负面影响,提高保护区管理的有效性。     

Phylogeography and Limited Genetic Connectivity in the Endangered Boring Giant Clam across the Coral Triangle

Abstract: The Coral Triangle is the global center of marine biodiversity; however, its coral reefs are critically threatened. Because of the bipartite life history of many marine species with sedentary adults and dispersive pelagic larvae, designing effective marine protected areas requires an understanding of patterns of larval dispersal and connectivity among geographically discrete populations. We used mtDNA sequence data to examine patterns of genetic connectivity in the boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea) in an effort to guide conservation efforts within the Coral Triangle. We collected an approximately 485 base pair fragment of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) from 414 individuals at 26 sites across Indonesia. Genetic structure was strong between regions (φ_ST=0.549, p < 0.00001) with 3 strongly supported clades: one restricted to western Sumatra, another distributed across central Indonesia, and a third limited to eastern Indonesia and Papua. Even within the single largest clade, small but significant genetic structure was documented (φ_ST=0.069, p < 0.00001), which indicates limited gene flow within and among phylogeographic regions. Significant patterns of isolation by distance indicated an average dispersal distance of only 25–50 km, which is far below dispersal predictions of 406–708 km derived from estimates of passive dispersal over 10 days via surface currents. The strong regional genetic structure we found indicates potent limits to genetic and demographic connectivity for this species throughout the Coral Triangle and provides a regional context for conservation planning. The recovery of 3 distinct evolutionarily significant units within a well‐studied taxonomic group suggests that biodiversity in this region may be significantly underestimated and that Tridacna taxa may be more endangered than currently recognized.     

An Index of Risk as a Measure of Biodiversity Conservation Achieved through Land Reform

Abstract:  We measured the net progress of land reform in achieving a national policy goal for biodiversity conservation in the context of ongoing clearing of native vegetation and additions of land to a highly nonrepresentative (residual) reserve network, interior South Island, New Zealand. We used systematic conservation-planning approaches to develop a spatially explicit index of risk of biodiversity loss (RBL). The index incorporated information from national data sets that describe New Zealand's remaining indigenous land cover, legal protection, and land environments and modeled risk to biodiversity on the basis of stated assumptions about the effects of past habitat loss and legal protection. The index identified irreplaceable and vulnerable native habitats in lowland environments as the most at risk of biodiversity loss, and risk was correlated with the density of threatened plant records. To measure achievement, we used changes in the index that reflected gains made and opportunity costs incurred by legal protection and privatization. Application of the index to measure the difference made by land reform showed it had caused a net increase in the risk of biodiversity loss because most land vulnerable to habitat modification and rich in threatened plant species was privatized and land at least risk of biodiversity loss was protected. The application revealed that new high-elevation reserves did little to mitigate biodiversity decline, that privatization of low-elevation land further jeopardized the most vulnerable biodiversity in lowland native habitats, and that outcomes of land reform for biodiversity deteriorated over time. Further development of robust achievement measures is needed to encourage more accountable biodiversity conservation decisions.     

What affects perceptions of local residents toward protected areas? A case study from Kure Mountains National Park,Turkey

Local residents’ active participation is essential in protected areas to ensure achievement of conservation goals. One of the important steps for ensuring the active participation of local residents is to determine the perceptions and the factors that influence the perceptions of the local residents toward the protected area. In this context, the researchers of this study try to come up with the perception formed among the local residents toward the protected areas and especially toward Kure Mountains National Park (KMNP), the factors that would influence their perceptions and the ways how their perceptions are influenced. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the putative influence of variables on perceptions toward protected areas. According to study results, the survey respondents have displayed a positive perception toward the protected areas in the world and in KMNP. It was determined that the respondents formed a positive perception from their economic, environmental and recreational interaction with KMNP. Also, the outcomes of this study showed that the perception developed by local residents toward the protected areas in the world and KMNP are influenced by gender, the level of satisfaction derived from the national park, duration of their residence in the national park, and that the perception that KMNP conservation are beneficial for the source values of the area, the current protection works in the world, as well as its impacts on their living conditions.     

风积沙厚度对浅埋煤层大采高工作面矿压显现的影响

针对神东矿区大柳塔煤矿52304工作面通过风积沙较厚区域时强烈的矿压显现现象,通过理论分析与物理相似模型以及现场测试等方法,建立工作面过风积沙区域时的力学模型,分析风积沙厚度对大采高工作面矿压显现规律的影响,对风积沙厚度对工作面关键层力学稳定性做出分析,并通过数值模拟对影响性进行研究。研究结果表明:风积沙厚度较大的开采区域,作用在覆岩主关键层结构上的载荷较大,造成主关键层破断块体的结构回转变形失稳,造成工作面矿压显现极强烈;大采高和风积沙厚度较大条件下距煤层较远的主关键层破断运动也会对工作面矿压显现产生影响,且采高、厚风积沙因素缺少其中一个时,主关键层均不会对工作面矿压产生明显影响。     

综采面高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术研究

综采工作面的粉尘防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点和难题之一。结合双鸭山矿区新安矿综采工作面的实际状况,采用现场煤层高压注水实验方法,研究了高压注水条件下煤体增湿的规律;运用注水实验数据进行反演数值试验,优化煤层高压注水数学模型内部参数,利用注水数值模拟试验确定了综采工作面煤层高压注水减尘技术的最优参数;运用了高压喷雾降尘效率模型数值模拟方法,分析确定了综采工作面采煤机外置高压喷雾降尘的最优参数,研发了孔径为1.2 mm的7孔高压集成喷嘴。新安二矿、三矿煤层高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术应用效果表明:通过二级联合防尘措施,工作面全尘去除率高达96%,呼吸性粉尘去除率高达94%。     

保护层开采被保护层膨胀变形分析方法

基于传统的膨胀变形特征分析多是对被保护层在法线方向上通过测量两个定点 的距离变化来表征,这种从“两个定点”距离变化角度分析膨胀变形的方法只考虑被保 护层在法线方向上的变形特征,不能反应出被保护层的横向变形。针对计算结果不能全 面、准确的反应煤岩体的膨胀变形特征问题,首次提出了保护层开采过程中被保护层膨 胀变形的“四个定点围域面积”分析方法,该方法通过面积膨胀变化分析被保护层膨胀 变形特征。研究分析了在开采实践和实验室中“四个定点围域面积”的监测方案、面积 分析计算方法和“四个定点围域面积”的合理尺度。以沙曲矿多煤层开采相似模拟为背 景,分析了不同尺度下“四个定点围域面积”分析法的精度。研究表明,“四个定点围 域面积”分析方法较“两个定点”分析方法精度更高,被保护层厚度1倍尺度围域内划 分的面积单元格越多,膨胀变形计算精度越高。