Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China

The increasing interest in environmental conservation is a global phenomenon. In many countries, natural reserves or protected areas (PAs) have been established to restrict human activities and to enhance natural ecosystems, which potentially benefit the planet as a whole. However, this often demands some sacrifices from local residents who may have to give up resources they rely on or suffer losses caused by wildlife. This issue potentially becomes aggravated in densely populated areas where many people and economic activities are impacted. This paper presents research findings on poverty issues in a newly established national natural reserve in China, Hengshui Lake Natural Reserve. The paper addresses the characteristics of poor households in the reserve and the interaction between these families and the reserve. In addition, poverty alleviation measures are analysed and additional measures to reduce poverty and conflicts between the reserve and local residents are recommended.     

Contingent valuation of ecotourism development in country parks in the urban shadow

To optimise the use and management of Hong Kong's country parks, ecotourism has recently been promoted by the government and echoed by the leisure sector. Visitors' valuation of ecotourism development hitherto remains scant and could add a new dimension to the knowledge and management base. This study estimated the potential value of ecotourism development using the contingent valuation method (CVM). A total of 613 visitors in three country parks were interviewed. The results showed that the bid amounts and the motives to experience and learn more about nature were significant predictors of willingness-to-pay (WTP). The mean and median WTP were, respectively, HK$101.1 and HK$85.0 annually, varying slightly between parks. The differences were associated with the special ecological and accessibility characteristics of individual parks. The results could justify financial support from the government for ecotourism development and associated nature conservation endeavours and promote the incorporation of natural resource valuation in formulation of public policies in Hong Kong and other developing regions.     

综采面高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术研究

综采工作面的粉尘防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点和难题之一。结合双鸭山矿区新安矿综采工作面的实际状况,采用现场煤层高压注水实验方法,研究了高压注水条件下煤体增湿的规律;运用注水实验数据进行反演数值试验,优化煤层高压注水数学模型内部参数,利用注水数值模拟试验确定了综采工作面煤层高压注水减尘技术的最优参数;运用了高压喷雾降尘效率模型数值模拟方法,分析确定了综采工作面采煤机外置高压喷雾降尘的最优参数,研发了孔径为1.2 mm的7孔高压集成喷嘴。新安二矿、三矿煤层高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术应用效果表明:通过二级联合防尘措施,工作面全尘去除率高达96%,呼吸性粉尘去除率高达94%。     

风积沙厚度对浅埋煤层大采高工作面矿压显现的影响

针对神东矿区大柳塔煤矿52304工作面通过风积沙较厚区域时强烈的矿压显现现象,通过理论分析与物理相似模型以及现场测试等方法,建立工作面过风积沙区域时的力学模型,分析风积沙厚度对大采高工作面矿压显现规律的影响,对风积沙厚度对工作面关键层力学稳定性做出分析,并通过数值模拟对影响性进行研究。研究结果表明:风积沙厚度较大的开采区域,作用在覆岩主关键层结构上的载荷较大,造成主关键层破断块体的结构回转变形失稳,造成工作面矿压显现极强烈;大采高和风积沙厚度较大条件下距煤层较远的主关键层破断运动也会对工作面矿压显现产生影响,且采高、厚风积沙因素缺少其中一个时,主关键层均不会对工作面矿压产生明显影响。     

保护层开采被保护层膨胀变形分析方法

基于传统的膨胀变形特征分析多是对被保护层在法线方向上通过测量两个定点 的距离变化来表征,这种从“两个定点”距离变化角度分析膨胀变形的方法只考虑被保 护层在法线方向上的变形特征,不能反应出被保护层的横向变形。针对计算结果不能全 面、准确的反应煤岩体的膨胀变形特征问题,首次提出了保护层开采过程中被保护层膨 胀变形的“四个定点围域面积”分析方法,该方法通过面积膨胀变化分析被保护层膨胀 变形特征。研究分析了在开采实践和实验室中“四个定点围域面积”的监测方案、面积 分析计算方法和“四个定点围域面积”的合理尺度。以沙曲矿多煤层开采相似模拟为背 景,分析了不同尺度下“四个定点围域面积”分析法的精度。研究表明,“四个定点围 域面积”分析方法较“两个定点”分析方法精度更高,被保护层厚度1倍尺度围域内划 分的面积单元格越多,膨胀变形计算精度越高。     

不同裂隙对煤层热流耦合现象的影响

煤炭在构造应力的作用下会产生不同形状的裂隙,不同的裂隙会对煤层内的流动与传热产生影响。以阜新市高德煤矿为例,建立二维物理模型,采用两区域方法构造控制方程组,运用计算机软件对四种裂隙下煤层的流场和温度场进行数值计算。计算结果表明:不同裂隙对煤层流场的影响主要在空气流动侧,对煤层区域影响很小;不同裂隙对煤层温度场的影响主要在裂隙界面上,对外界空气和煤层内部的影响均很小;不同裂隙条件下煤层壁面平均努谢尔特数曲线的契合度随着瑞利数的增加而不断降低,相比标准界面,其他三种界面的煤层壁面平均努谢尔特数值基本一致。研究结果可为煤矿的安全开采提供理论性指导。     

What affects perceptions of local residents toward protected areas? A case study from Kure Mountains National Park,Turkey

Local residents’ active participation is essential in protected areas to ensure achievement of conservation goals. One of the important steps for ensuring the active participation of local residents is to determine the perceptions and the factors that influence the perceptions of the local residents toward the protected area. In this context, the researchers of this study try to come up with the perception formed among the local residents toward the protected areas and especially toward Kure Mountains National Park (KMNP), the factors that would influence their perceptions and the ways how their perceptions are influenced. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the putative influence of variables on perceptions toward protected areas. According to study results, the survey respondents have displayed a positive perception toward the protected areas in the world and in KMNP. It was determined that the respondents formed a positive perception from their economic, environmental and recreational interaction with KMNP. Also, the outcomes of this study showed that the perception developed by local residents toward the protected areas in the world and KMNP are influenced by gender, the level of satisfaction derived from the national park, duration of their residence in the national park, and that the perception that KMNP conservation are beneficial for the source values of the area, the current protection works in the world, as well as its impacts on their living conditions.     

液态 CO2 相变致裂煤层增透技术布孔方式研究

液态CO2相变致裂技术是一种新颖的低透煤层增透技术。为了更好地将液态CO2相变致裂技术运用到低透气煤层增透领域中,在平煤十三矿进行了液态CO2相变致裂的穿层强化预抽煤层瓦斯现场试验,通过煤层致裂后的瓦斯抽采效果反映出的不同布孔方式下的致裂差异,确定液态CO2的爆破孔的合理布孔方式。现场试验表明液态CO2相变致裂在交错的梅花孔布置方式下由于能量分布均匀,致裂效果优于矩形孔布置方式,研究结果为该技术在煤层增透强化预抽领域的推广应用奠定了基础。     

Comanagement Practices Enhance Fisheries in Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Fishing activities worldwide have dramatically affected marine fish stocks and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) with no-take zones may enhance fisheries, but empirical evidence of this is scant. We conducted a 4-year survey of fish catches around and within an MPA that was previously fully closed to fishing and then partially reopened under regulated comanaged fishing. In collaboration with the fishers and the MPA authority, we set the fishing effort and selected the gear to limit fishing impact on key fish predators, juvenile fish stage, and benthic communities and habitats. Within an adaptive comanagement framework, fishers agreed to reduce fishing effort if symptoms of overfishing were detected. We analyzed the temporal trends of catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of the whole species assemblages and CPUE of the four most valuable and frequent species observed inside the opened buffer zone and outside the MPA investigated. After the comanaged opening, CPUE first declined and then stabilized at levels more than twice that of catches obtained outside the MPA. Our results suggest that working closely with fishers can result in greater fisheries catches. Partial protection of coastal areas together with adaptive comanagement involving fishers, scientists, and managers can effectively achieve conservation and fishery management goals and benefit fishing communities and alleviate overfishing.     

穿层钻孔有效抽采半径的测定

钻孔的有效抽采半径是在矿井瓦斯抽采设计中的一个关键性参数。准确测定钻孔的有效抽采半径,有利于合理布置瓦斯的抽采钻孔,实现最佳设计、最小工程量和最优抽采效果。根据实际煤层的存在条件,首先采用压降法对矿井试验区内穿层抽采钻孔有效抽采半径和水力冲孔抽采钻孔有效抽采半径进行实测。然后通过Comsol Multiphysics数值模拟软件建立穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采的数值计算模型,所得模拟结果与现场实测数据基本一致。这证明了现场实测结果的正确性和方法的可靠性。该钻孔的有效抽采半径的测定结果可为金牛建业煤矿技改井二1煤层预抽煤层瓦斯的钻孔设计提供参考。