Forest protected area governance in Bangladesh:a focus on the legal and policy framework

In the context of renewed interest in collaboration in natural resource management,the collaborative governance approach has lately been introduced to the forest Protected Areas(PAs)in Bangladesh.The adoption of this co-management approach is seen as an attempt to influence the governance process towards a transformation from the conventional custodian system to a more participatory management regime.Recognition of rights and responsibilities,effective participation,and equitable distribution of benefits amongst the key stakeholders working under a facilitative policy and legal framework are believed to address the broader goals of sustainable development Notwithstanding the resurgence of interest in governance of forest PAs through the co-management approach,academic research on the subject remains limited.This article attempts to review selected key information and milestones on the forest PAs governance with special reference to the major policies and legal documents.With a brief introductory section,this article focuses on the genesis and selected major features of the Forest PAs in the country.The discussion then dwells on the policy and legal framework and provides a critique on its relevance for promoting community participation.The existing institutional arrangements for community engagement in protected area governance are also analyzed in light of the national and international commitment and policy obligations on the part of the country.The salient observations and key findings of the study include the following:(1)despite its limitations,comanagement as concept and practice has gradually taken roots in Bangladesh;(2)the degree and level of active community participation remain low and limited,and there is also clear weakness in conscientizing and orientating the local community on the key legal and policy issues related to PA governance in the country;and(3)policy makers,practitioners,and other local stakeholders related to PA governance need to be oriented on international commitment and national de     

采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的 力学效应及破坏机理分析

应用三维弹性中厚板理论,分析了采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板的力学效应及破坏机理。基于Hamilton原理推导了采空区底板在采动和水压耦合作用下的变形和应力表达式,分析了其变形和应力的分布特征。最后,推导了在采动与承压水耦合作用下煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS,讨论了影响煤层底板破坏极限载荷PS的因素。研究成果对揭示回采工作面开采时煤层底板隔水层变形破坏,预防煤层底板突水提供了理论依据。     

对“禁止开发区”规划和管理的几点思考

通过对禁止开发区面临困境和问题的分析探讨,确定了禁止开发区的涵盖范围,并在土地管理、资源保护、财政投资和建设管护等方面提出了相关政策建议,以期为该区的有效管理提供依据。     

Syntaxonomy of Southern Ural Forests as a basis for the system of their protection

Using the example of Southern Ural forests, it is shown that the Braun-Blanquet method is promising for estimating the efficiency of the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) and drawing up guidelines for its further development. In particular, evidence is provided that forests of the unions Aconito-Piceion and Lathyro-Quercion are protected quite insufficiently. Proposals concerning organization of new SPNAs are formulated.     

FLOOD PROTECTION BENEFITS AS REFLECTED IN PROPERTY VALUE CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: Measuring flood control benefits from estimated property damage in prior floods omits losses in the form of depressed values of land put to less valuable uses because of annual flooding. Covariance analysis of real property values in three urban areas differently situated around Lake Cumberland, Kentucky shows a much larger rate of increase, over a 15-year period, for the area receiving flood protection. This suggests that the economic benefits from a flood protection facility include these additional property value increases as well as the prevented property damage.     

三峡库区（湖北部分）珍稀濒危保护植物资源现状

对长江三峡库区（湖北部分）宜昌,兴山,秭归和巴东４县的调查表明,三峡库区天然分布有殂稀濒危植物４０种,隶属２７科３６属,分别占湖北省总数６２种和全国总数３８８种的６４．５％和１０．３％;天然分布有国家重点保护植物１３１种,隶属２７科７３属,分别占湖北省总数的２０６种和全国总数的１７００多种的６３．６％和７．７％,其中国家一级保护植物有红豆杉、南方红豆杉、珙酮、光叶珙酮４种。国家二级保护植物有金毛狗     

广州南沙湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

采用系统抽样技术和样带法，对广州南沙地区湿地鸟类群落进行了研究，共记录到95种，隶属15目34科68属。国家Ⅱ类保护种类11种，广东省重点保护鸟类16种。东洋界鸟类44种，古北界种类41种，广布型种类10种。鸟类群落多样性以近岸及海岸湿地最高，多样性指数3．4250，均匀性指数0．8711。南沙地区湿地鸟类资源丰富，分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性，开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系，实现生态环境可持续发展，并提出厂相应的保护措施。     

不同机制条件下的煤层瓦斯流动方程研究

气体流动可分为连续流、滑流、过渡流、自由分子流,为研究不同流动机制下的煤层瓦斯流动规律,在充分考虑了不同扩散机制和滑移边界条件后,建立了适用于不同流动机制的煤层瓦斯流动方程,深入分析了视渗透率和达西渗透率的比值随Knudsen数的变化关系。研究结果表明:所提出的煤层瓦斯流动方程能准确描述包括达西流、滑流、自由分子流、过渡流在内的气体流动行为。瓦斯气体在煤层孔隙、裂隙中流动过程中浓度扩散和粘性流同时存在,当Kn<0.01时,粘性流起主导作用,瓦斯流动满足渗流方程;当Kn>10时,浓度扩散起主导作用,瓦斯流动符合扩散方程;在Kn的其他范围内,煤层孔隙裂隙中瓦斯流动以滑流、过渡流为主,在对之进行评价时应同时考虑扩散项和渗流项。研究结果可为揭示煤层瓦斯流动机理、提高煤层瓦斯抽采率和煤层气的产量预测准确度提供新方法和新途径。     

基于地层条件下煤层瓦斯流动模拟研究

为了研究地层条件下瓦斯流动特点,通过建立瓦斯吸附-解吸、扩散和渗流综合流动数学模型,分析不同埋深条件下瓦斯流动机制,并模拟吸附层和滑脱效应对瓦斯流动的影响。结果表明:随煤层埋深增加,部分纳米孔隙内瓦斯流动机制由扩散过渡到渗流,这有利于瓦斯运移;在煤层深部,瓦斯吸附层和滑脱效应对瓦斯渗流作用影响不大;随埋深增加,瓦斯吸附层对瓦斯运移影响逐步增大,而滑脱效应则逐步弱化;在埋深相同时,两者对瓦斯运移的影响都随孔隙直径增大而减小。研究有助于深入了解瓦斯在深部煤层流动的机制,提高深部煤层瓦斯抽采效果。     

ESTIMATING THE LOCAL COST OF PROTECTING KOSHI TAPPU WILDLIFE RESERVE, NEPAL: A CONTINGENT VALUATION APPROACH

We estimate the compensation required by the local communities to forego access to the natural resources within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal using the contingent valuation method (CVM). In addition to contributing a CVM application from a seldom studied location to the literature, this case illustrates the sensitivity of WTA estimates to the analytical technique adopted. We analyze households’ willingness to accept (WTA) compensation using Tobit and double-hurdle regression models that account for the censored distribution of WTA and nested yes/no decision implicit in the WTA responses. The average WTA of a household residing in the vicinity of KTWR is estimated to be US $238, which amounts to nearly $ 1.64 million for the neighboring region. The results provide a basis to address local people’s concerns in the process of sustainable management of natural resources and wetland ecosystems in KTWR, Nepal.