天目山保护区有效管理的成就和展望

天目山国家级保护区加入世界生物圈保护区网络已经10年,为了更好地保护其生物多样性和文化多样性,并可持续地利用好该保护区的自然资源,需适应客观形势发展的要求,把天目山国家级保护区建成为名副其实的生物圈保护区。采用现场实地考察、社区居民访谈、保护区管理者和政府人员座谈、历史资料查询等方法,了解到天目山保护区在自然资源保护、科研监测、教育培训、资源持续利用和生态旅游等方面取得了不少的成绩,但也存在诸如保护区面积尚欠不够、毛竹林资源能否合理利用和柳杉林的衰亡与病虫害的防治等问题。按照生物圈保护区的管理理念并参照以上的调查和思考,提出下列3条建议：一是扩大保护区的面积,二是建立一个完善的保护区共管机制,三是建立学术顾问委员会协助推动保护区各方面的工作。     

厚煤层分层综采工作面的瓦斯治理

结合矿井瓦斯管理的实际,介绍了高瓦斯厚煤层分层综采工作面瓦斯治理的技术经验,具有很强的针对性和可操作性,实现了矿井在特殊阶段的安全生产.     

水力割缝增透抽采煤层瓦斯原理及应用

煤层瓦斯抽采是避免煤矿瓦斯灾害发生的根本防治措施,水力割缝技术使煤体在割缝后应力松弛、卸压、破坏、破裂,以成倍或者十几倍地提高煤层的渗透性,继而对煤层瓦斯进行抽采,使瓦斯煤层变为低瓦斯或无瓦斯煤层,从根本上避免瓦斯灾害发生。从水力割缝技术切割煤层致煤层应力变化角度,将理论分析和数值模拟方法相结合,根据渗流力学平面径向流理论,分析给出水力割缝技术增透抽采瓦斯原理。以兖州东滩矿3号煤层为例,分析采用水力割缝技术前后煤层应力变化、渗透率变化规律。结果表明:大面积割缝后,应力重新分布,由均匀状态转变为非均匀状态分布,水平缝使煤层卸压,煤层应力普遍降低,在缝上部煤层局部形成拉应力区。割缝后渗透率是割缝前的4.34倍,渗透率大幅度增加,从而提高瓦斯抽采速度和最终抽采率。     

基于成本效益评估的县域自然保护地优化整合方案比较研究——以福建省泰宁县为例

在国家公园体制改革背景下,“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”对我国自然保护地优化整合提出了系列要求。福建省正在进行自然保护地优化整合,泰宁县是全省自然保护地交叉重叠最复杂的区域之一。以泰宁县为例,基于实地调研和专家意见,构建了三个优化整合的情景规划方案：（1）维持现状,不整合;（2）以泰宁国家地质公园为主体的整合;（3）以泰宁国家公园为主体的整合。基于对方案的成本效益比较,结果显示：方案3的存在和使用价值最高,成本持中;方案1的价值保护持中,成本最低;方案2价值最低,成本最高。研究为福建省县市尺度开展自然保护地优化整合提供思路和技术支持,亦为国内外自然保护地的边界优化提供参考。     

国外大尺度生态廊道保护进展与秦岭国家公园建设

大型山脉在其走向上往往是生物扩散和分布的天然廊道。然而,由于人类干扰引起的生境碎片化,山地廊道的连通性已大为降低。20世纪以来,人们普遍意识到当前或过去的自然保护措施往往规模太小,无法维持许多物种的长期生存及其所依赖的生态过程。因而,山地廊道的连通性保护日益受到关注,大尺度生态廊道被认为是长远意义上保护气候变化下生物多样性的最优策略。综述连通性保护和生态廊道的概念、发展历程及国外大尺度生态廊道建设实践的经验,并从连通性保护的角度对秦岭国家公园建设提出一些建议,强调大尺度的连通性保护和生态廊道建设对于国家公园自然生态系统的长远保护具有重要意义。     

Climate adaptation of biodiversity conservation in managed forest landscapes

Conservation of biodiversity in managed forest landscapes needs to be complemented with new approaches given the threat from rapid climate change. Most frameworks for adaptation of biodiversity conservation to climate change include two major strategies. The first is the resistance strategy, which focuses on actions to increase the capacity of species and communities to resist change. The second is the transformation strategy and includes actions that ease the transformation of communities to a set of species that are well adapted to the novel environmental conditions. We suggest a number of concrete actions policy makers and managers can take. Under the resistance strategy, five tools are introduced, including: identifying and protecting forest climate refugia with cold-favored species; reducing the effects of drought by protecting the hydrological network; and actively removing competitors when they threaten cold-favored species. Under the transformation strategy, we suggest three tools, including: enhancing conditions for forest species favored by the new climate, but currently disfavored by forest management, by planting them at suitable sites outside their main range; and increasing connectivity across the landscape to enhance the expansion of warm-favored species to sites that have become suitable. Finally, we suggest applying a landscape perspective and simultaneously managing for both retreating and expanding species. The two different strategies (resistance and transformation) should be seen as complementary ways to maintain a rich biodiversity in future forest ecosystems.     

巷道放顶煤人-机-环境系统可靠性研究

应用系统可靠性和人 -机工程学理论 ,建立了急倾斜煤层巷道放顶煤人 -机 -环境系统可靠性模型 ,给出了系统可用度和生产能力的计算公式。结合开滦马家沟矿 972 3工作面人 -机-环境系统分析 ,探讨了提高系统可靠性和生产能力的有效途径。理论分析及实例计算结果表明 ,所建立的模型能简便地找出系统的薄弱环节 ,准确预测系统可用度和生产能力 ,从而为指导矿井设计和生产提供科学依据     

Perceived barriers to and drivers of community participation in protected‐area governance

Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture.     

我国自然保护区有效管理现状及其分析

本文在对我国１０多个省（自治区）２ｏ多个自然保护区的实际调查和全国资料的统计分析基础上，从我国自然保护区的管理体制、管理机构建设、资源的保护与适度开发利用、科学研究与宣传教育等方面，全面分析了我国自然保护区有效管理的现状，总结了取得的成绩和存在的问题，并针对存在的主要问题，提出了相应的对策与建议。     

赤峰市科尔沁沙地重要生态功能保护区生态环境现状评价及可持续发展战略探讨

本文对科尔沁沙地生态环境特点、现状、生态环境恶化的主要原因及对经济、社会和环境产生的影响进行了评价，并提出了科尔沁沙地经济、社会可持续发展的对策及发展战略，为全面落实《全国生态保护纲要》提供依据。