Prenatal screening and diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: a review of safety issues and psychological consequences for women who undergo screening

As part of the EUROTOXO initiative, this review focuses on the potential risks associated with prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis. We first review the evidence on the risks of adverse events associated with amniocentesis, which is required for definitive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis infection in the fetus, and for which the most important risk is fetal loss. To date, there has been only one randomized trial to document risks associated with amniocentesis. This trial, which was conducted in 1986, reported a procedure-related rate of fetal loss of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3–1.5). However, evidence from available controlled studies suggests that the pregnancy loss associated with mid-trimester amniocentesis may be lower. Potential psychological consequences of prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis include parental anxiety due to false positive results and uncertainties related to prognosis of children with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Parental anxiety may be particularly important in screening strategies that include more frequent screenings, which may in turn entail substantial, and at times unnecessary, anxiety or other negative consequences for women and their families. These negative psychological outcomes should be balanced against the benefits of testing, which can allow women to make an informed choice regarding the pregnancy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我院大学生心理状态分析及对策

通过对大学生心理调查问卷分析和来访资料进行整理,了解和把握大学生的心理现状及其成因,提出了帮助大学生正确而客观地认识自己和社会,帮助他们健康成长成材,引导大学生排解心理障碍,培养健康的心理素质的对策.     

在教育教学中,注重品德与心理健康的教育——初探青少年时期心理健康教育的方法

青少年在成长时期,在品德教育的同时,应注重心理健康的教育.特别是当今时代的发展,要求人的成长与发展是全方位的,尤其要具备良好的心理素质.为此,在现代教育教学中,要把心理教育纳入教育过程,积极探索心理教育的方式方法,提升青少年良好的心理素质,让青少年一代全面健康成长.     

Parental reaction and adaptability to the prenatal diagnosis of fetal defect or genetic disease leading to pregnancy interruption

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychological reaction of two groups of parents to a pregnancy termination after they had undergone a prenatal diagnostic procedure. The analysis involved interviews with a study group of 76 patients who were at risk of giving birth to a child with a genetic disease or defect and a comparison group of 124 who had a pregnancy termination after a major anomaly had been detected by routine ultrasound and who were not at known risk for a genetic disease. Only patients in the study group had received counselling before the prenatal diagnosis and were aware that the fetus could be affected. The overall reaction of the comparison group was one of shock, denial of fetal abnormality, and guilt over ‘abandoning the fetus’. A feeling of guilt was expressed by patients in the comparison group (73 per cent versus 29 per cent) in the period immediately following the interruption. One-third of patients in both groups felt obliged to undergo a therapeutic abortion. More patients in the study group than in the comparison group expressed the need to see a psychiatrist at the time of the study (19 per cent versus 7 per cent) and viewed future pregnancies as a replacement for the lost pregnancy (63 per cent versus 19 per cent). The recommendations of the study focus on information sessions to personnel, nursing support, analgesia during the expulsion period, an atmosphere of respect that should be present at the time that the fetus is viewed, the anticipation of mourning, and the long-term follow-up of the couple to ensure that counselling for future pregnancies and psychological support are provided when needed.     

加强大学生心理健康教育提高大学生心理素质

由于社会竞争的压力，使大学生存在诸多的心理问题。本文对防灾科技学院大学生心理健康现状作了详尽的调查、分析，并提出了调适的措施和方法。     

散打运动员比赛的心理分析及训练

本文对散打比赛中散打运动员合理的运用技战术稳定的心理状态及散打运动员不良的心理状态的分析,提出有效的心理调节的训练方法。     

应激大鼠脾脏内诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性变化及其意义

在捕食压力下,大鼠脾脏诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)明显表达,说明iNOS起到了重要的生理功能,然而,NOS的表达及在亚细胞水平的定位以及相应的差异变化等都很不明确,本试验采用捕食应激模型,利用免疫组织化学方法和生化测定,检测心理性应激对大鼠脾脏iNOS活性的影响及探讨这种影响与应激动物免疫力下降之间的关系.结果表明iNOS免疫阳性细胞表达部位集中于脾脏的红髓和边缘区,白髓中几乎没有.与对照组相比,在应激1~12d的过程中,应激组大鼠脾脏内iNOS的活性逐渐升高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01).但在后期应激13~30d,脾内iNOS的表达又逐渐减少.生化测定结果表明,NOS和NO的含量变化与iNOS的活性变化相似,在心理性应激早中期较高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01),而到中后期则逐渐降低.结果提示,iNOS活性程度与动物心理应激程度密切相关;应激过程中大鼠脾脏内由于iNOS的活性增加导致产生过量的NO,这可能与应激导致大鼠免疫力下降有关.图1表2参10     

The effect of positive work reflection during leisure time on affective well‐being: Results from three diary studies

Previous research showed that psychological detachment from work during leisure time is beneficial and that reflecting on negative aspects of work is detrimental for employees' well‐being. However, little is known about the role of positive reflection about work during leisure time. In the present research, we examined the effects of positive work reflection on affective well‐being. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of an intervention to increase positive work reflection and to improve well‐being with a randomized controlled field experiment. Findings from three diary studies showed that positive work reflection was related to an increase in affective well‐being with regard to both positive and negative moods. The results further indicated that the benefits of positive work reflection were incremental to that of psychological detachment and the absence of negative work reflection. Contrary to our expectation, no evidence was found for the effectiveness of the intervention. Theoretical implications of main findings as well as supplementary findings are further discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The more I want,the less I have left to give: The moderating role of psychological entitlement on the relationship between psychological contract violation,depressive mood states,and citizenship behavior

Research has emphasized the negative effects of organizations' broken promises and failed obligations on employee attitudes and behaviors. However, not all employees respond in the same manner. This paper integrates research on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement to examine how individuals with exceedingly high demands and expectations react to a perceived letdown by the organization. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we argue that a psychological contract violation is associated with employee depressive mood states, which, in turn, influence the amount of citizenship behavior displayed. We further posit that psychological entitlement moderates the link between contract violation and depressive mood states. Using Hayes' PROCESS macro to assess a moderated mediation model, findings from a multi‐source field study support our predictions. This research contributes to the work on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement on multiple fronts. Suggestions for future research and practical implications for managers are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.