Do Regulators of Animal Welfare Need to Develop a Theory of Psychological Well-Being?

The quest for a ``theory of nonhuman minds' to assessclaims about the moral status of animals is misguided. Misframedquestions about animal minds facilitate the appropriation ofanimal welfare by the animal user industry. When misframed, thesequestions shift the burden of proof unreasonably to animalwelfare regulators. An illustrative instance of misframing can befound in the US National Research Council's 1998 publication thatreports professional efforts to define the psychologicalwell-being of nonhuman primates, a condition that the US 1985animal welfare act requires users of primates to promote. Thereport claims that ``psychological well-being' is a hypotheticalconstruct whose validity can only be determined by a theory thatdefines its properties and links it to observed data. Thisconception is used to contest common knowledge about animalwelfare by treating psychological well-being as a mentalcondition whose properties are difficult to discover. Thisframework limits regulatory efforts to treat animal subjects lessoppressively and serves the interests of the user industry.A more liberatory framework can be constructed by recognizing thecontested nature of welfare norms, where competing conceptions ofanimal welfare have implications about norm-setting authority, asit does in other regulatory contexts, e.g., food safety. Properlyconceptualized welfare should include both the avoidance ofdistressful circumstances and the relationship between ananimal's capacities to engage in enjoyable activities and itsopportunities to exercise these capacities. This conception ofanimal welfare avoids appropriation by scientific experts.The development of the psychological well-being regulation is agood illustration of how social norms are contested and thenappropriated, and a critique of this appropriation shows how itcan be challenged.     

不同负荷下生物膜脱落与载体生物膜生物特性的相互影响

为探究不同负荷下生物膜的脱落特性,对试验过程中生物膜脱落量及载体上生物膜生物特性进行了研究.结果表明:生物膜脱落量随运行时间延长而增大;有机负荷对生物膜脱落量的影响不同,负荷高脱落量大.紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)是生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)的主要组成部分,生物膜EPS量随负荷的增大而增大;EPS中多糖含量越高,生物膜脱落量越小.系统中pH值逐渐下降并抑制生物膜活性,生物膜脱落量随着脱氢酶活性的下降而增加,载体上生物膜脱氢酶活性也会随着生物膜脱落量的增加而下降.生物膜脱落过程中,生物膜微型动物多度、物种数减少,物种多样性水平随着运行时间延长而降低;有机负荷较高,生物膜微型动物多样性较高,物种稳定性指数WS较高而多样性稳定性指数WH较低,但其生物膜脱落量大.因子分析揭示了不同负荷下生物膜脱落与生物膜特性的相互关系,与生物膜脱落紧密相关的因子依次为生物膜组成与活性因子、生物因子、负荷因子等.生物膜脱落与载体上附着生物膜相互作用、相互影响.     

做好职工心理疏导已成企业的迫切任务

介绍了企业员工心理现状和心理＂亚健康＂状态的产生原因,认为企业要通过心理疏导缓解职工工作生活压力,指出心理疏导是企业关注职工身心健康的重要手段,并提出了开展职工心理疏导的具体对策措施。     

论重大突发事件的心理影响及本体应付——以印度洋地震海啸为例

重大突发事件因其突发性，难以预测并危害巨大，常常给人们的心理带来巨大的伤害。以印度洋地震海啸为例，研究了突发事件对人们的心理影响与受灾者的应付之间的关系，结果表明，采用成熟的应付方式可以有效减轻受灾者的心理伤害，并提出了改善应付方式的建议。     

Black swans,cognition, and the power of learning from failure

Failure carries undeniable stigma and is difficult to confront for individuals, teams, and organizations. Disciplines such as commercial and military aviation, medicine, and business have long histories of grappling with it, beginning with the recognition that failure is inevitable in every human endeavor. Although conservation may arguably be more complex, conservation professionals can draw on the research and experience of these other disciplines to institutionalize activities and attitudes that foster learning from failure, whether they are minor setbacks or major disasters. Understanding the role of individual cognitive biases, team psychological safety, and organizational willingness to support critical self‐examination all contribute to creating a cultural shift in conservation to one that is open to the learning opportunity that failure provides. This new approach to managing failure is a necessary next step in the evolution of conservation effectiveness.     

Impact of authentic leadership on performance: Role of followers' positive psychological capital and relational processes

Authentic leadership has received considerable attention and research support over the past decade. Now the time has come to refine and better understand how it impacts performance. This study investigates the moderating role followers' positive psychological capital (PsyCap) and the mediating role that leader–member exchange (LMX) may play in influencing the relationship between authentic leadership and followers' performance. Specifically, we tested this mediated moderation model with matched data from 794 followers and their immediate leaders. We found that authentic leadership is positively related to LMX and consequently followers' performance, and to a larger degree, among followers who have low rather than high levels of PsyCap. Our discussion highlights the benefits of understanding the roles of relational processes and followers' positive psychological resources involved in the effectiveness of authentic leadership and how they can be practically implemented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Work‐related flow and energy at work and at home: A study on the role of daily recovery

In this diary study, we aimed to examine the moderating effects of the following: (i) recovery efforts at work and (ii) detachment from work on the relationship between work‐related flow and energy after work. Specifically, we hypothesized that flow would be beneficial for energy after work when employees failed (versus managed) to recover during work breaks. Additionally, we predicted that when employees experience flow at work, they would be more vigorous (and less exhausted) at the end of the day when they detached from work in the evening compared with days when they failed to detach. The study tracked 83 participants who completed daily surveys over four consecutive days. Results of multilevel analyses indicated that some characteristics of flow, such as absorption and enjoyment, were significantly associated with energy after work. Recovery at work and detachment from work moderated the relationship between flow (specifically the enjoyment component) and after‐work energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors in the Loess Plateau of China

In situ experiments were undertaken to examine the impacts of Pinus tabuliformis on soil detachment under different influencing factors. Experimental sites with slopes containing vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground were investigated for slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6% and flow discharges of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0?m³?s^?1. Results from our study provide details on the relationship between soil detachment and both slope gradient and flow discharge. Soil detachment rates increased with an increase in slope and discharge, and discharge was identified to have a stronger influence on soil detachment than slope. In contrast, the combination of litter cover and roots played an important role in reducing soil detachment; detachment rate decreased by about 55% relative to bare slopes; and plant roots had a greater impact on detachment reduction. The presence of vegetation cover can decrease rill erodibility by 83% and increase critical shear stress by 224% compared with bare slopes. These results provide valuable information on the importance of woodland in soil detachment control, and may help to improve vegetation construction in seriously eroded regions of the Loess Plateau.     

重大自然灾害后心理干预行为教育对策

重大灾害对社会经济和生命财产安全都存在严重的影响,而灾区人们的心理变化和行为反应,与社会整体的抗灾救灾效果都具有较大的关联性。该文探讨重大灾害后心理干预行为教育对策,针对灾害对灾区人们产生的心理应激障碍问题,采用叙事疗法按照构建契约、故事重建、制图、探险、结束和复查五步骤,将灾区受灾人群从不良的生活模式中唤醒,并通过体育干预从主体、个体、群体三个角度指引灾区人群,建立正确、积极的人生价值观与社会价值观,采用阅读疗法优化灾区人群的认知结构。     

正视大学生安全教育

安全教育是培养大学生全面素质的重要内容,近年来,随着高校大学生意外事故案例的逐年增多,正视大学生安全教育,也就成了当前高校学生管理工作的首要问题。通过对大学生安全教育必要性和存在问题的分析,找到解决问题的方法,遵循一定的原则,采取多种措施,切实开展安全教育,普及安全知识,提高学生自我保护和安全防范能力。