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排序方式: 共有1340条查询结果,搜索用时 687 毫秒
661.
W. H. Blackburn R. W. Knight J. C. Wood H. A. Pearson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(3):465-477
ABSTRACT: Five small (4 ha) forested watersheds in East Texas were instrumented in December 1980 to determine the effect of forest harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and livestock grazing on stormflow, peak discharge rate, and sediment loss. After three pretreatment years, four of the watersheds were treated as follows: (1) clearcutting followed by roller chopping; (2) clearcutting following by shearing and windrowing; (3) clearcutting following by shearing, windrowing, and continuous grazing; and (4) clearcutting followed by shearing, windrowing, and rotational grazing. Clearcut harvesting and all site preparation treatments significantly increased stormflow, peak discharge, and sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Roller chopping and shearing/windrowing had little impact on sediment loss from these watersheds and appears to be a sound forest conservation practice for gently sloping watersheds (> 8 percent). As applied, livestock grazing had minimal impact on stormflow and peak discharge. The moderately stocked continuously grazed treatment had little impact on sediment loss, but the high stocking density of the rotational grazing treatment increased sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Sediment losses from these intensively managed forest watersheds, even though significantly greater than from undisturbed conditions, were within the range of sediment losses from undisturbed watersheds in the Southeast, below the range of losses from mechanically prepared watersheds elsewhere, and well below potential losses from pasture and cropland. 相似文献
662.
Dilip Mathur Eric S. McClellan Susan A. Haney 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):159-167
ABSTRACT: The effects of variable discharges during the summer on the dissolved oxygen (DO) content and water temperature upstream and downstream of the Conowingo Hydroelectric Power Station were investigated. The DO dynamics are controlled primarily by meteorological factors that are independent of the mode of hydrostation operation. DO stratification occurred during the summer in Conowingo Pond, but thermal stratification was not observed. The magnitude and duration of off-peak discharges including a run-of-the-river operation did not affect DO stratification in Conowingo Pond; little vertical mixing occurred. However, strong winds and/or high river flows temporarily destroyed DO stratification. The run-of-the-river operation or off-peak continuous discharge schemes did not provide better DO conditions downstream of the hydrostation than the peaking operation with intermittent off-peak releases. A statistical model predicted that a DO of 5 ppm occurs 0.6 miles downstream of the powerhouse when the natural river flow is consistently greater than 15,000 cfs and water temperature is less than 80°F. A mean daily DO of at least 4 ppm was predicted to occur over 80 percent of the time during the 92-day summer period. Farther downstream (1.3 miles from the powerhouse) a mean daily DO of at least 4 ppm was predicted to occur 90 percent of the time in summer. 相似文献
663.
Rodney J. Wittier Steven R. Abt Thomas G. Sanders 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(6):1109-1115
ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of applying thermodilution technology to discharge measurements in small open channels. A series of tests were performed in which the time-temperature dilution curves were recorded and analyzed. The independent variables included the channel discharge, the injectate drop height, the volume of tracer, and the mixing distance. Flows ranged from 0.67 cfs to 2.45 cfs with Froude numbers less than 0.30. The results indicated that the thermodilution technique is a feasible method for discharge measurement. It was determined that a heat content, 1°, of 40°C provides a design criteria in which the mixing distance was related to the flow depth and discharge in a rectangular channel. An empirical expression was derived to determine the approximate mixing distance as a function of the flow depth. 相似文献
664.
A. R. Hill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(5):829-839
ABSTRACT: The calculation of stream nutrient loads from a sampling period of one year or, at most, a few years may provide an inaccurate estimate of average seasonal or annual loads due to considerable year-to-year variations in hydrological regime. The number of years of record required to give a reliable estimate of long-term average NO3-N loads was analyzed for E. Duffin Creek and the Nottawasaga River in Ontario, Canada. Nitrate load rating relationships were used in combination with a continuous stream discharge record for 22 years (E. Duffin Creek) and 34 years (Nottawasaga River) to simulate long-term seasonal and annual variation in NO3.N loads. The errors involved in calculating average loads were examined by comparing the loads derived from sampling periods of one or more consecutive years duration with the estimated long-term average load for the two rivers. Annual NO3-N loads for a single year deviated from the long-term average load by ± 20 to 53 percent in 8 out of 22 years in E. Duffin Creek and in 13 of 34 years in the Nottawasaga River. Six consecutive years of record would be required for both rivers to ensure that an error of > ± 20 percent would occur in only 5 percent of these observation periods. February-April NO3-N loads for a single year could deviate by up to +90 percent or -61 percent from the long-term average spring period load for the two rivers. A sampling period of at least 6–7 years would be needed to estimate average NO3-N loads for the spring runoff season with an error <± 20 percent. 相似文献
665.
以南京化学工业(集团)公司为例,介绍在企业中实行排污许可证制度,可有效地控制污染物排放,并改变以往污染物排放的末端管理为生产全过程控制,强化了环保法制观念,协调了管理工作与监测工作之间的关系,使环保管理工作由被动变成主动。 相似文献
666.
667.
中美水污染物排放许可证制度之比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
肖爱 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2006,16(2):30-32
与美国的NPDES许可证制度相比较,我国水污染物排放许可证制度在法律依据、适用范围、管理体制、法律强制力等许多方面都存在缺陷。借鉴其先进经验,有利于促进我国水污染物排放许可证制度发展、完善。 相似文献
668.
我国环境经济政策现状与发展建议 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文简述了我国环境经济政策的主要内容以及实施中遇到的突出问题,并结合《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》中关于环境经济政策的最新要求,提出了进一步推进和完善我国环境经济政策的建议。 相似文献
669.
Watkins W. Miller Chauncey T. K. Ching John F. Yanagida Paul Jakus 《Environmental management》1985,9(1):1-6
Regulation and control of agricultural water pollution is unique and difficult to accomplish. Water quality standards are often proposed without adequate consideration of the overall economic impact on agricultural production. This article illustrates how economists and physical scientists can cooperate to develop appropriate control strategies for agricultural water pollution. Data provided by physical scientists and economists are used in a linear programming model to describe salt discharge as a function of water management, production levels, and an associated effluent charge. Four water management activities were chosen on the basis of different costs of production (including a parametrically varied effluent charge), water requirements, alfalfa yields, and levels of salt discharge. Results indicate that when the effluent charge is low (<$0.20/metric ton salt discharged), maximum production with maximum salt discharge is most profitable. As the effluent charge is increased ($0.20–$0.40/metric ton salt discharged), it becomes progressively less profitable to produce alfalfa at maximum levels of pollutant discharge. When the effluent charge is >$0.40/metric ton salt discharged, alfalfa production is no longer economically feasible. An important aspect of this approach is that it permits policy makers to identify explicitly the relationship between the environmental standard and the effect on agricultural production. 相似文献
670.