Book reviews and notices

The aim of sustainable development is to balance social, economic, and environmental needs. In order to justify the decisions they make, stakeholders must quantify the different impacts found in the operations and developments of companies and/or projects throughout their life cycle. However, as some areas are subjective in nature, the quantification process of the different impacts and the assessment of sustainable development performance become arduous tasks of development, validation, and application of scientific and empirical methods with the intrinsic objective of finding an agreement among the involved parties (i.e., stakeholders). Several environmental and sustainability assessment tools, instruments, processes, and methodologies have been developed; rating systems stand out and have gained attention and credibility, as demonstrated by the vast number of certified projects around the world and the widely-known usefulness and advantages of their application. The Wa-Pa-Su project sustainability rating system presents an integrated approach to sustainability assessment by integrating three distinctive areas of knowledge: (1) sustainable development theory and fundamentals supports the ultimate goal of the rating system, which is to contribute to sustainability, with the aim of finding a path to balance social, economic, and environmental needs; (2) continual performance improvement becomes essential due to the duration of the projects, as it is critical to allow organizations or projects to improve performance over time; and (3) multi-criteria decision analysis assists with the assessment process through stakeholder engagement and participation, and the design and implementation of a criteria weighting system.     

数量化理论Ⅲ及其在煤与瓦斯突出危险性评估中的应用

研究了数量化理论Ⅲ建立煤与瓦斯突出危险性的原理和方法,以瓦斯地质学理论为基础,建立了包括煤层瓦斯含量、煤层瓦斯压力、煤层分岔合并现象、地质构造复杂程度、煤的破坏类型等11个地质因素的煤层突出危险性评估指标体系。以数量化理论Ⅲ为工具,实例分析得出马依西一井3煤层突出危险性的敏感地质因素及因素轴F1,以该轴上得分大于0.1的地质因素作为强突出的敏感地质因素;得分小于-0.1的地质因素作为弱突出的敏感地质因素,得分在0.1--0.1之间的地质因素作为中等突出的敏感地质因素,将矿井划分为强突出、中等突出和弱突出三个区域。该方法实现了地勘阶段煤与瓦斯突出的定量分析,进一步细化了突出区域的划分。     

大气气溶胶中有机成分研究进展

有机物是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,尤其是在细颗粒中,可占其干重的10%～70%。由于有机气溶胶的健康及气候效应,有机物的组成、源分布、颗粒行为等的研究越来越受到人们的重视。其中,有机物成分的鉴别和定量已成为近年来的研究热点。在分析中,就目前有机气溶胶的采样、有机成分提取、分离及定性、定量分析方法进行了综述,并比较了各种方法的优缺点。     

Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes

To perform a systematic survey on the occurrence and removal of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment, 943 semi-volatile organic chemicals in 32 wastewater samples including influents of secondary treatments, secondary effluents and final effluents(effluents of advanced treatments), which were collected from seven full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWTPs) in China, were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) coupled with an automated identification and quantification system with a database(AIQS-DB). In total, 196 and 145 chemicals were detected in secondary and final effluents, respectively. The majority of the total concentrations(average removal efficiency, 87.0%±5.9%) of the micropollutants were removed during secondary treatments. However, advanced treatments achieved different micropollutant removal extents from secondary effluents depending on the different treatment processes employed. Highly variable removal efficiencies of total concentrations(32.7%–99.3%) were observed among the different advanced processes. Among them,ozonation-based processes could remove 70.0%–80.9% of the total concentrations of studied micropollutants. The potentially harmful micropollutants, based on their detection frequency and concentration in secondary and final effluents, were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)(2-methylnaphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, naphthalene and phenanthrene), phosphorus flame retardants(tributyl phosphate(TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TDCP)), phthalates(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)), benzothiazoles(benzothiazole,2-(methylthio)-benzothiazol, and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone) and phenol. This study indicated that the presence of considerable amounts of micropollutants in secondary effluent creates the need for suitable advanced treatment before their reuse.     

基于综合评判模型的煤与瓦斯突出危险程度预测

针对某些矿井出现的"低指标"突出现象,提出一种新的综合评判模型,用于煤与瓦斯突出危险程度预测。选取鉴定煤与瓦斯突出的4个单项指标临界值作为参考点,建立煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测综合评判准则。当评判距离Ri属于[0,1],判断突出强度;当Ri属于[-1,0],判断突出危险可能性,量化了突出强度及可能突出的危险程度,并划分突出强度、突出危险可能性等级。利用模型对淮南矿突出程度进行预测,预测结果与实际吻合,实现了定性语言与定量数据相结合的突出预测,为煤与瓦斯突出提供了一种新的预测方法。     

GIS支持下的滑坡空间预测与危险等级划分

以日本早池峰山地域为研究对象,借助航片、TM影像、数字化地图以及各种统计资料和现有专题图等主要数据,利用美国MicroImage公司开发的TNTmips地理信息系统,将数量化理论与地理信息系统紧密结合,对区域滑坡进行了空间预测和危险等级划分.提取并计算了滑坡以及包括坡度、坡向、海拔、坡面倾斜类型、降雨、植被、土壤和地质等8个滑坡影响因子,得到了滑坡及其影响因子的空间分布图.在此基础上,抽取372个样本,应用数量化理论对这些样本进行了分析,建立了区域滑坡预测模型.该模型经研究区域共1296384个样本检验,模型预测精度达80.49%.最后,以滑坡发生概率为基准,对滑坡危险等级进行了划分.     

Spatial Modeling and Habitat Quantification for Two Diadromous Fish in New Zealand Streams: A GIS-Based Approach with Application for Conservation Management

We developed logistic regression models from data on biotic and abiotic variables for 172 sites on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, to predict the probability of occurrence of two diadromous fish, banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and koaro (G. brevipinnis). Banded kokopu occurrence was positively associated with small streams and low-intensity land uses (e.g., sheep grazing or forested), whereas intensive land uses (e.g., mixed sheep and cattle farming) and lack of riparian forest cover impacted negatively on occurrence at sampled sites. Also, if forests were positioned predominantly in lowland areas, banded kokopu occurrence declined with increasing distance to stream mouth. Koaro occurrence was positively influenced by catchment forest cover, high stream altitudes, and areas of no farming activity or mixed land uses. Intensive land uses, distance to stream mouth, and presence of banded kokopu negatively influenced koaro occupancy of stream reaches. Banded kokopu and koaro presence was predicted in 86.0% and 83.7% agreement, respectively, with field observations. We used the models to quantify the amount of stream reaches that would be of good, moderate, and poor quality, based on the probability of occurrences of the fish being greater than 0.75, between 0.75 and 0.5, or less than 0.5, respectively. Hindcasting using historical data on vegetation cover undertaken for one catchment, Pigeon Bay, showed they would have occupied most of the waterway before anthropogenic modification. We also modeled potential future scenarios to project potential fish distribution.     

区域环境负荷计量的当量因子法——以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷为例

提出了一种基于当量因子的环境负荷计量方法,其原理是根据不同环境干扰因子对同一种环境影响类型的相对贡献大小来进行计量.具体包括环境影响类型的确定、环境干扰因子的识别与归类,以及按当量关系进行汇总3个步骤.该方法可为区域环境规划与污染控制提供技术支持.以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷计量为实证进行了研究.结果表明,2001年排放的富营养化污染负荷量约为437.0kt NO₃^-当量,其中贡献最大的是农业生产部门,其次是工业生产部门和人类生活.主要污染物是氨的排放,其次是NO_x的排放.     

大气环流型对珠三角2015～2020年臭氧变化的影响

基于2015～2020年的珠三角臭氧(O₃)日最大8 h浓度平均值[MDA8 O₃,ρ(O₃-8h)]的观测数据和气象再分析数据,运用Lamb-Jenkinson天气分型法(LWTs)分析不同大气环流型的特征并定量其对MDA8 O₃年际变化的贡献.结果表明,珠三角发生的18种天气型中ASW型更容易出现O₃污染现象,而NE型会导致更严重的O₃污染.根据850 hPa风场的风向变化及中心系统的不同位置将18种天气类型合并为5个天气类别来探讨不同天气型的O₃生成机制,发现ρ(O₃-8h)高的天气类别为N-E-S方向类别[(161±68)μg·m^-3]和A类别[(122±39)μg·m^-3],二者ρ(O₃-8h)与日最高气温和太阳净辐射量都呈显著正相关.N-E-S方向类别为秋季主导大气环流型,而A类别多发生在春季,其中春季珠三角发生的90%O_3<...     

矿山地质环境安全评估的Bayes判别分析法及应用

从矿山地质环境的实际特性出发,应用Bayes判别分析方法评估矿山地质环境问题。选用13项影响矿山地质环境的区域地质条件、环境现状、矿产资源开发规划、生态恢复治理状况的具体评估指标,以大量实测资料作为学习样本,并按各总体的样本比例确定先验概率,建立了矿山地质环境评估的Bayes判别分析模型。将该模型用于预测样本的评估中,采用回代估计法对判别结果进行验证,误判率为零,判别结果和实际一致。研究结果表明,Bayes判别分析模型是一种结构稳定、判别准确率很高的评估模型,能够用于矿山地质环境的评估。