Quantifying natural resource injuries and ecological service reductions: challenges and opportunities

The natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) are complex and have been difficult to implement. The complexity and difficulty in implementation arise both from the assessment procedures specified in agency NRDA guidance and from the limited ability of ecologists to quantify impacts of hazardous substances on natural resources. This paper explores the scientific aspects of NRDA implementation, and discusses conceptual and methodological relationships between NRDA and the much broader field of ecological risk assessment (ERA). We discuss three critical components of the NRDA assessment approach: measuring natural resource injuries and reductions in resource services; evaluating causality; and establishing baseline conditions. We identify (1) specific approaches drawn from ERA practice that could improve each of these components, and (2) research needs and institutional changes that may improve the ability of the NRDA process to achieve its stated objectives. We recommend the acceleration of the ongoing dialogue among NRDA practitioners from the Trustee and PRP communities as a first step toward resolving the procedural and technical deficiencies of the NRDA process.     

流域空间统计模型SPARROW及其研究进展

SPARROW(SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes流域属性基于空间的回归模型)是美国地质调查局(USGS)开发的经验统计和地表过程相结合的流域空间统计模型。模型通过对河流水质数据和流域属性建立空间回归实现污染负荷产生和迁移的定量化。模型的最大特色是其空间特性非常显著,可以将上游的营养盐污染源数据和下游的营养盐负荷数据联系起来,同时可以将河流中的水质监测数据或污染物通量数据和流域的空间属性特征(比如土地利用类型、河网、大气沉降等)联系起来。模型除了一般水质模型所具有的水质模拟和流域污染源的分析功能外,还可在模拟过程中对流域中每个污染源、流域属性和污染物迁移过程对水质监测结果的影响进行显著性检验。文章简要介绍了SPARROW模型的结构和原理、功能和应用发展前景。     

翡翠评估价的量化探索

由于翡翠评估本身具有现实性、市场性、预测性等特性,传统的评估方法过于依赖评估人员的经验,主观随意性大,难以保证评估结果的客观、科学、公正.针对翡翠价格与其质量因素之间的复杂、不确定关系的特性,我们提出利用特尔斐法来判定各权重之间关系,从而利用数学模型计算出各质量因素之间的权重,以减少由于评估人员主观因素造成评估结果的偏差,使评估人员运用此方法能够迅速、准确、公正的对翡翠估价前期的数据进行量化处理.     

地下水污染风险评价中特征污染物量化方法探讨

针对地下水污染风险评价中的外界胁迫脆弱性评价缺乏有效量化体系这一问题,通过地下水污染源解析,提出了基于特征污染物及其对应排放量的量化体系;通过特征污染物属性解析及利用层次分析法确定研究侧重点,构建了该体系中的特征污染物量化方法.将该量化方法应用于北京市地下水污染风险评价,结果表明,依据不同研究侧重点得出的3种特征污染物危害性计算结果具有明显差异,并且3种危害性排序与对应的3种属性排序亦存在差异.由此表明,确定研究侧重点的主观倾向对特征污染物危害性计算结果有决定性影响.此外,在计算过程中,以序列值的方式解决3种属性的归一化及不同类别特征污染物属性量化结果的统一,会造成不同特征污染物之间相对属性特征的放大或缩小.     

全球及区域碳模拟与源汇同化反演研究进展

近年来,全球和区域碳模拟与同化反演系统(简称“碳同化系统”)快速发展,并被广泛应用于不同时空尺度的碳通量和碳汇估算、碳排放量校核研究中,为支撑全球碳盘点提供了关键技术手段。文章回顾了国内外主要碳同化系统的发展历程和应用案例,总结了当前常见的全球和区域碳同化系统的结构和特点,包括使用的大气传输模式、同化方法、空间分辨率等内容;探讨了当前常见模型系统应用中的关键问题、不足与发展方向,以期为碳同化系统应用于我国环境管理和气候变化工作提供参考。     

Are energy conservation and emission reduction policy measures effective for industrial structure restructuring and upgrading?

The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the 10 important strategies of environmental management in China. The use of energy conservation emission reduction policies to promote industrial restructuring and upgrading and thus facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction is one of the important strategies of environmental management in China. Based on the systematic collection of 1,195 energy conservation emission reduction policies, we discuss the influence of individual measure and measure synergy of energy conservation and emission reduction policies respectively. The results show that the energy conservation and emission reduction policies have a significant effect on the overall promotion of industrial upgrading. The financial measures and guidance measures have a positive impact; the financial measures and guidance measures have significantly positive effect; however, the administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures do the opposite; the positive effect of the synergy of guidance measures and financial measures is greater than the negative effect of considering only the synergy of fiscal tax measures and other economic measures, and significantly greater than the negative effect of the synergy of administrative measures, fiscal tax measures, and other economic measures. We should strengthen and emphasize the use of the measure that has positive effect on industrial structure restructuring and upgrading individually and synergistically.     

Evaluation and quantification of genotoxicity of urban waters by using Vicia faba bioassays

The ecotoxic effect of pollutants in the water environment has become a hot topic of research. Because of the genotoxicity describing the composite deleterious action of the toxicants in water, the Vicia faba root-tip cell micronucleus (MN) test was applied for genotoxicity assessment of organic and inorganic substances in four rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants in Xi’an, China. Results showed that the lowest MN frequency was between 2.0‰ and 3.0‰. However, the highest MN frequency of the water samples was as high as 30.0–34.0‰. The results well reflected that the seriously polluted river with high chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon showed high genotoxicity, and also indicated the genotoxic impact of urban discharge on the surface waters and the ability of urban water bodies to absorb the impact. In addition, there were significant correlations between the genotoxicity expressed by MN rate and Cr⁶⁺ (5–80?mg/L) and phenol concentrations (2–40?mg/L). The genotoxicity of the urban water could be quantified as equivalent Cr⁶⁺ or phenol concentrations and which might be used as a set of quantitative indicators of the water genotoxicity.     

煤矿安全信息化管理

通过对煤矿企业安全管理信息(CSERP)系统进行设计,引入了先进科学的管理方法,将安全管理深入到作业层次,使定性上升到定量,并分析每个层次的具体组成和功能,为煤矿安全信息化提供解决方案.     

Fish consumption reduces transfer of BDE47 from dam to murine offspring

Fish and seafood are important contributions to a healthy diet, but also contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Discrepancies have been found between intake and accumulated levels of POPs, where fish consumers have had similar levels of POPs to the general population. Similarly fish oil consumption has been found to reduce accumulation of POPs. This study examined the accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in mice fed diets with different nutritional composition, using female mice with pre-weanling pups exposed through gestation and lactation. A fish-based diet was compared to a standard casein-based rodent diet. All diets had low background levels of environmental contaminants and were spiked with BDE47 or PCB153 to levels representing a realistic (∼0.004 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d) or a high dietary exposure (∼1.3 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d). Accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in offspring tissues after 18 d lactation reflected the maternal exposure levels. However, the pups of dams fed a fish-based diet had consistently lower BDE47 accumulation in liver, fat and stomach than pups from casein-fed dams. Similarly the pups of dams fed a high dose of PCB153 in a fish diet also accumulated less PCB153 than pups of the dams fed a casein diet, although not significant. In conclusion, the fish based diets seemed to reduce transfer of BDE47 and PCB153 from dams to pups. The study highlights that in-depth knowledge about nutritional impact on toxicokinetics is of great interest to vulnerable consumers.     

建设项目安全管理的智能化技术研究

明确建设项目安全管理的意义;简述建设项目安全管理技术的国内外研究现状;指出当前的建设项目安全管理研究存在的主要不足;提出笔者研究的思路和研究的主要内容;收集详细的施工现场资料,参考相关历史文献资料,提取可能引起安全事故的原始不确定风险因素,建立安全管理风险评价指标体系;并利用人工神经网络(ANN)强大的非线性函数逼近能力,将BP神经网络引入建设项目风险控制,构建基于BP神经网络的建设项目安全控制系统,从而实现建设项目安全管理的智能化。通过工程实例验证:该方法具有可行性和有效性,为实现建设项目安全管理目标及工期、成本、质量目标打下坚实的基础。