Nature of the field-to-field distribution of pesticide residues

The supervised trial datasets (1950), consisting of a minimum of five residue values and selected by the experts of FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues for recommending maximum residue levels between 1997 and 2011, were evaluated to obtain information on the typical spread of residue values in individual datasets. The typical relative standard deviation, CV, of field-to-field variation of pesticide residues was about 80%. The spread of residues in datasets is independent from the chemical structure of pesticides, residue level, pre-harvest interval and number of values in the datasets. The CV ranges within the Codex commodity groups and between groups overlapped and their difference were not statistically significant. The number of residues below the limit of quantification (LOQ) affects the CV at various extents depending on the ratio of LOQ/R _mean. The combined uncertainty of the highest residue in a dataset significantly affects the CV of the dataset. The lowest and intermediate ones have less influence. The residues in different fields receiving the same treatment vary within large range: 55%, 72%, 78%, 86% and 89% of the 25,766 residues values were, respectively, within 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 times the median value of the corresponding dataset.     

旅游者安全价值及其评价

笔者提出旅游者安全价值概念,并从安全效用与旅游者价值观角度入手,通过研究旅游者为保障自身安全所愿意支付的货币代价,构建旅游者安全价值的量化概念、评价体系与测算公式。从而获得旅游者为保障自身的旅游安全所愿意支付的货币代价,形成对旅游者的安全保障需求的整体认识,使旅游经营管理者对旅游安全保障工作的市场潜在效益形成定量化认识,树立"安全出效益"的观念。     

论河流保护与修复的生态目标

分析了国内外河流保护与修复的相关理论研究和实践进展,指出开展河流保护与修复工作必须首先明确河流生态修复目标。为能够实际指导河流修复和管理,生态保护目标需要量化。介绍了国外以水流情势为核心的河流生态目标量化新方法（DRIFT法）,以及对河流生态保护等级的标准划分。结合我国的具体国情,建议应用“生态支持配置”概念,尽快规划我国河流生态功能分区,设定不同区位的生态保护目标和等级,确定相应的保护水平,分区、分类、分级实施河流保护与修复。     

基于气象分型的大气环境允许排放量测算方法

本文提出一种基于气象条件分型的城市大气环境允许排放量测算方法,该方法基于环境空气质量和颗粒物组分数据,对气象条件进行分污染天气类型的二次转化规律研究,并确定不同天气类型下的迁移扩散系数.基于扩散理论,建立了污染物排放强度、不同天气类型迁移扩散系数和目标控制浓度之间的关系,在特定区域排放布局和排放方式基本不变的前提下,测算不同天气类型达空气质量标准下的一次PM_2.5,PM₁₀,NO_x和SO₂的允许排放量.以沧州市为例,结合空气质量从优到严重污染程度将对应气象要素依次划分为7种天气类型,测算7种天气类型达空气质量目标下的主要污染物允许排放量.基于2018年基准年的排放量,在天气类型7最不利气象条件下,沧州市一次PM_2.5,PM₁₀,NO_x和SO₂排放量削减率应分别在82.62%,81.17%,75.05%和74.54%以上,才能达到空气质量标准.结果表明,不利气象条件下大气环境允许排放量很小,需要更大力度减少污染物排放,才能避免发生重污染天气.     

城市污水处理厂挥发性芳香烃的气味指纹及定量评价研究

采用二次热解析-气相色谱/质谱仪(GC/MS)与电子鼻对广州市某典型城市污水处理厂排放的挥发性恶臭有机物(MVOCs)进行检测与分析,结果表明:①芳香烃是该污水处理厂排放的最普遍、浓度最高的挥发性恶臭有机物质,浓度范围为96.61～818.03μg.m-3,均占各处理单元总MVOCs含量的50%以上,远高于其他MVOCs物种.②城市污水厂的挥发性芳香烃主要来源于生活污水,而污泥处理过程是污水处理厂释放这些污染物的重要环节,各单元排放的芳香烃化合物总浓度由高至低表现为:污泥脱水机房>污泥浓缩池>曝气池>格栅>生化池>沉砂池.③主成分分析(PCA)能够区分各单元排放的废气气味特征,识别指数达到71%,而按照各处理单元挥发性芳香烃的组成水平配制的模拟气体,其PCA识别指数高达94%,反映了不同处理单元挥发性芳香烃的气味也有很大不同.④将T70/2传感器所测得的实际气体与模拟气体的气味指纹进行比较,实际气体的气味指纹要大于模拟气体,从相关性方面分析得知挥发性芳香烃的气味指纹与各单元的气味指纹均呈现较好的正相关,其中曝气池挥发性芳香烃的气味指纹与实际气体气味指纹相关性尤为显著,达到0.98.     

What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review

• Fluorescence staining provides a fast and easy method to quantify microplastics. • Factors that influence staining are summarized to obtain an optimum staining effect. • Natural organic matter can be stained by dye and interfere with quantification. • Fluorescence staining is applied in both field and laboratory studies. • Future work involves developing new dyes and automated image-analysis methods. Understanding the fate and toxicity of microplastics (MPs,<5 mm plastic particles) is limited by quantification methods. This paper summarizes the methods in use and presents new ones. First, sampling and pretreatment processes of MPs, including sample collection, digestion, density separation, and quality control are reviewed. Then the promising and convenient staining procedures and quantification methods for MPs using fluorescence dyes are reviewed. The factors that influence the staining of MPs, including their physicochemical properties, are summarized to provide an optimal operation procedure. In general, the digestion step is crucial to eliminate natural organic matter (NOM) to avoid interference in quantification. Chloroform was reported to be the most appropriate solvent, and 10–20 μg/mL are recommended as optimal dye concentrations. In addition, a heating and cooling procedure is recommended to maintain the fluorescence intensity of MPs for two months. After staining, a fluorescence microscope is usually used to characterize the morphology, mass, or number of MPs, but compositional analysis cannot be determined with it. These fluorescence staining methods have been implemented to study MP abundance, transport, and toxicity and have been combined with other chemical characterization techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More studies are needed to focus on the synthesis of novel dyes to avoid NOM’s interference. They need to be combined with other spectroscopic techniques to characterize plastic composition and to develop image-analysis methods. The stability of stained MPs needs to be improved.     

HFL模型在海上压裂工艺过程风险评估中的应用

为有效降低海上压裂工艺过程事故发生的可能性,建立将危险与可操作性研究(HAZOP)、事故树分析(FTA)和保护层分析(LOPA)集成的量化风险评估模型(HFL模型)。阐述HFL模型的集成机理和分析流程。以海上压裂工艺过程高压管线危险性分析为实例,开展该模型的研究与应用。在运用HAZOP方法对危险源初步辨识基础上,构建高压管线超压的蝴蝶结模型(BTM),确定导致事故发生的9种风险因素和5种事故后果,并估算高压管线断裂事故场景的初始事件概率和剩余事故风险。结果表明,现有的独立保护层(IPL)即超压电子保护装置无法使事故风险达到可接受水平,需要通过增加新的IPL,即安装井口保护装置和泄压装置,提高压裂过程高压管线运行的可靠性,确保剩余事故风险处于可接受水平。     

水泥企业除尘效益及其岗位考核

通过水泥企业除尘效益计算,并量化到具体岗位,提出岗位考核方案。目的在于使环保效益数量化,环境管理定量化。     

土壤湿度与风速对沙尘暴发生的贡献程度分析

在沙尘暴研究中，大风和下垫面的土壤湿度是影响沙尘暴发生的两个重要因子，它们分别以数值形式定量记录，但这种定量因子与沙尘暴发生的定性特征之间难以建立联系，从而影响了沙尘暴的定量研究。利用内蒙古中西部地区二连浩特、乌拉特中旗和乌海等3个观测站点2001年4月至2004年4月的土壤湿度、风速及相应的沙尘暴记录资料，采用数量化理论Ⅱ这种可以将定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，研究了沙尘暴发生时风速和土壤湿度对沙尘暴的贡献程度。结果表明：在不同地区、不同地貌的自然条件下，风速和土壤湿度对沙尘暴发生的贡献程度相差甚远，乌拉特中旗和二连浩特地区风速的贡献大于土壤湿度的影响，而对乌海地区来说，土壤湿度对沙尘暴的贡献要大于风速的影响。     

关于安全减灾业的基础性研究及量化模式探讨

本文重点论证加强安全减灾业基础性研究的必要性,并从建立安全减灾量化模式及数学体系作出探讨。