QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: To assure attainment and maintenance of desired water quality levels in our rivers and streams, systematic monitoring must be performed. A preliminary phase of the design of water quality surveillance systems is the specification of sampling frequencies and station locations throughout the basin; that is, the development of an adequate space/time sampling plan. The purpose of this paper is to present some quantitative methods which have been developed to identify candidate sets of sampling frequencies and station locations, and to establish priorities for implementing the different frequencies and locations. These methods are useful in the cost/effectiveness trade-off analyses in surveillance system design, and are based on the surveillance system objective of pollution abatement in which it is desired to detect violations in state-federal water quality standards. A spatial priority measure is developed which is dependent both on the water quality profile in the stream and on the information obtained from monitoring stations located in other reaches. Also, a temporal sampling priority rating is presented which is a measure of the effectiveness of the surveillance system with respect to its ability to detect the violations in the standards. To illustrate the quantitative methods, the procedures are applied to the Wabash River Basin.     

A BASKET SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTIFYING RIVERINE MACROBENTHOS1

ABSTRACT: A colonization basket sampling technique for quantifying macroinvertebrates in rubble bottom rivers is described. Basket samplers were compared to collections made using the Surber square foot sampler. Procedure for processing samples is described. Macrobenthos were more accurately quantified by basket samplers because both surface and subsurface habitats were sampled, no organisms were lost when samplers were removed from the river, substrata and associated fauna were retained for analysis, and the samplers were used efficiently in both pool and riffle areas. At the end of the colonization period the basket samplers contained one-half cubic foot of river bottom and macroinvertebrates spatially arranged within.     

广安县农业气候资源定量分析与评价

本文就广安县农业气候资源及其要素对农作物的适宜性进行了定量分析与评价,找到了气候资源的优势和限制因素,提出了开发、利用措施。     

旅游资源定量评价及其分级——以皖南地区为例

本文根据大量实地调查资料,以皖南地区为例,就旅游资源定量评价及分级研究的方法进行探索;同时较客观地揭示了皖南旅游资源的质量价值,为皖南旅游业的发展提供有益的参考。     

焊接事故因素综合分析及其安全评价方法的建立

通过事故树(FTA)分析方法系统地分析了影响焊接安全的各个主要因素,并建立了层次结构模型,在此基础上,运用模糊综合评价方法对整个焊接安全体系进行了有效的评估.这是一种针对焊接安全体系的焊接专项安全评价方法.     

高速公路交通安全的模糊区间评价

针对高速公路交通安全问题,利用模糊数学中的区间理论进行了研究。在对影响高速公路安全因素综合分析基础上,建立高速公路交通安全评价的指标体系。利用[0,1]区间理论,在评价指标定量化的基础上,依据模糊数学评判原理,在定义模糊区间运算的情况下,建立高速公路交通安全的区间评价模型。应用模糊区间评价方法对某省现有高速公路安全进行综合评价,其评价结果表明,该公路交通安全属于‘三级’,和专家实际评价结果一致,表明该法是科学合理、实用可行的,具有广泛的应用前景。     

公共场所泄漏、中毒事故的个人风险水平的估计

笔者研究目的在于对人群聚集公共场所某种类型事故所导致的个人风险进行定量。首先,在前期研究的基础上,推出人群聚集公共场所个人风险定量计算模型。其次,根据火灾的发生率、死亡率及两类事故之间的发生次数比率,估计出国内毒物泄漏、中毒事故发生率和死亡率。最后,根据个人风险的定义求得公共场所毒物泄漏、中毒事故的个人风险的初始值,并进行了进一步的结论修正。对比国外的个人风险标准,结果表明,从整体上看2001—2005年公共场所毒物泄漏、中毒事故的个人风险是可以接受的。该研究结论可以为制定我国个人风险标准提供理论参考依据。     

纯化油田注水系统结垢倾向预测

无机结垢是油田注水过程中遇到的最严重的问题之一。结垢给油田开发带来了较大的经济损失。为了高效开发油田,应对结垢进行科学预测,并提出相应的防垢措施。采用饱和指数法、稳定指数法和溶解度法对纯化油田注水系统的结垢倾向进行的预测结果表明:纯化油田污水易结CaCO3垢,且结垢倾向较严重。     

航空电子产品环境仿真试验技术

针对航空电子产品提出了产品数字样机模型,通过环境应力分析、故障分析及仿真结果评价等环境仿真试验技术,考察了产品的环境适应性,讨论了环境仿真试验中的3项关键技术——用于建模和应力分析的计算机辅助工程技术、故障物理分析技术和仿真结果评价技术。     

“三江”并流区地质灾害危险性量化评价

"三江"地区是地质灾害强发区,又是资源富集区和环境重点保护区。为了实现对区内地质灾害危险性的定量或定量评价,根据该区"崩、滑、流"地质灾害的发育机制-地形地貌的改造和演化过程中各种外动力地质作用的动力机制,将促进地质灾害发育的各类影响因子总和-动力势与减缓地质灾害发育的各类影响因子总和-抗力势之间的差值作为地质灾害发育动力强度指数,并且用于量化评价地质灾害危险性程度。通过41个典型地质灾害点的调查分析对各类影响因子赋值,采用多元线性回归方法求解出的地质灾害发育强度指数与影响因子之间的线性方程,作为地质灾害危险性量化评价模型。采用该线性模型简要计算了"三江"并流区典型区段的地质灾害发育强度指数,并通指数的大小为依据统一划分地质灾害危险性程度,避免了人为分级和分区的随意性。