Dispersal and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape around Japanese harbors

Background, aim, and scope

The possibility of gene transfer from genetically modified oilseed rape (OSR) to its cultivated or wild relatives is of concern since its commercial cultivation, because of its potential weediness and impact on the environment. Introgression of modified genes can affect conservation of agricultural crops, because there are many cultivars and wild Brassicaceae that may cross with genetically modified OSR (Brassica napus) in Japan. Japan imports more than 2 million tons of OSR a year from Canada and other countries. Since volunteers of GM OSR were found around harbors in 2004, a lot of feral GM OSR was discovered in Japan. To consider the way how to keep domestic Brassicaceae from GM contamination, we surveyed and analyzed the dispersal and persistence of GM OSR around Japanese harbors. We present the cause and abundance of GM OSR in Japan by this paper.

Materials and methods

Survey of the feral OSR was performed several times a year at different seasons when domestic OSR either grows or does not around port areas. Detection of herbicide tolerance in feral B. napus was done by test papers that cross react with the modified gene product. Two kinds of herbicide tolerance (glyphosate and glufosinate) were tested.

Results

The feral B. napus were discovered around all 13 harbors that import rapeseeds from foreign countries. Genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant OSR were frequently found in the surveyed populations. Two kinds of herbicide-tolerant OSR (glyphosate- and glufosinate-tolerant) were discovered in a natural condition 40 km from port to an oil factory where 60,000 tons of OSR seed are processed a year. The cause of voluntary growth of OSR is seed spillage during transportation by trucks from harbors to oil factories and other processing facilities. Some of the feral OSR growing along the roadsides of transport paths exhibited perennial growth spilling their seeds around the places. Alteration of the generation of feral GM OSR was discovered for the first time in Japan as a result of this study. We studied the yearly change of feral OSR abundances focusing on Yokkaichi port over the 4 years since 2004. The rate of GM OSR increases year to year, and reaches nearly 90% in 2008.

Discussion

The possibility and consequences of gene transfer from the genetically modified OSR to domestic species (B. rapa and B. juncea) were discussed in relation to impact on domestic agriculture and on environments. Evolutional meaning of the gene transfer was also discussed with respect to the gene construct of GM OSR. This study shows the importance of another pathway of modified gene transfer to non-GM relative species by seed transportation in addition to pollen transfer from commercial cultivation of genetically modified OSR.

Conclusions and recommendations

We identified unintended dispersal and persistence of GM OSR around Japanese harbors that import OSR from Canada and other countries. Both glyphosate- and glufosinate-tolerant feral B. napus were discovered. The cause of volunteer OSR is spillage of the seeds during transportation by truck to oil factory. The feral GM OSR sometimes showed perennial growth in Japanese phonological conditions which are not observed for domestic Brassicaceae. In addition, we confirmed an alteration of generations by feral GM OSR in Japan. The possibility of cross pollination and GM gene introgression to domestic varieties can occur in these environments. To improve the situation, each responsible organization, company, administration, or government should establish measures how to stop the dispersal and persistence of GM OSR in nature. Also, the GM plant developers are responsible for revising this situation.     

纳米羟基磷灰石对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤Pb生物可利用性的影响

为了研究钝化剂对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤中重金属Pb生物可利用性的影响,采用盆栽试验,在种植油菜和白菜的土壤中加入不同质量比的纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP),研究Pb形态、油菜和白菜生物量、油菜和白菜中Pb的累积量,评价纳米羟基磷灰石对Pb生物可利用性的影响.结果表明,加入5 g/kg、10 g/kg、15 g/kg、20 g/kg和25 g/kg纳米羟基磷灰石后,油菜和白菜生物量增加,且油菜生物量大于白菜生物量;油菜内Pb累积量小于白菜内Pb累积量;土壤中残渣态Pb质量比增加,可交换态Pb质量比减少,有效态Pb质量比与Pb生物可利用性显著降低(p＜0.05),与对照组相比,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了25.53％～82.77％和45.79％～71.68％.当纳米羟基磷灰石质量比为20g/kg时,油菜和白菜生物量较大,而且对Pb的累积量最低,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了81.84％和70.89％.研究表明,纳米羟基磷灰石的适宜投加量为20g/kg,而油菜为理想植物.     

Distribution of cadmium in oilseed rape and Indian mustard grown on cadmium contaminated soil

Heavy metal distribution in the specialized accumulating plants was important for phytoextraction technique. Hydroponic and pot experiment were conducted to investigated Cd phytoextraction ability and Cd distribution in the plant of oilseed rape species. The results showed that oilseed rape Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 was more effective in phytoexetraction Cd among 21 varieties of oilseed rape and indicator plant Indian mustard. Cd concentration in the shoot of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard gradually decreased with an increase in growth period, while the amount of Cd uptake increased with the increase of growth period. There was constantly decrease in Cd concentration from the base leaves to the top leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard, the percentages of Cd uptake in older leaves were higher than those of younger leaves. Older leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard extracted more Cd for the Cd contamination soil, leaves should as far as possible develop before they reached the soil and the older leaves were harvested in priority.     

生物炭施用对矿区污染农田土壤上油菜生长和重金属富集的影响

矿山的生产活动往往会造成周边农田的污染,而利用生物炭技术治理矿区周边污染农田土壤具有重要的现实意义。生物炭是指生物质在无氧或限氧条件下热裂解制备而成的一种细粒度、多孔性的环境友好型材料,其在调控温室气体排放,改良土壤性状,促进植物生长和控制环境污染物迁移转化方面应用潜力巨大。采用室内盆栽模拟实验,研究了不同水稻秸秆生物炭施用量（0、1%、5%）对郴州和龙岩地区矿山周边重金属污染的农田土壤的生化性状、油菜（Brassia campestris L.）产量、重金属累积和富集系数等的影响,为生物炭作为环境功能材料应用于矿山污染农田治理提供科学依据。结果表明：与对照相比,施加1%和5%生物炭均能提高土壤pH值和有机质质量分数,提升幅度随施用量的增加而升高,其中偏酸性的龙岩土壤的变化幅度更大;生物炭施用会影响土壤酶活性,5%生物炭处理下两种受试土壤中脲酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著提高,但酸性磷酸酶活性降低;龙岩土壤上的油菜产量在1%和5%生物炭施用处理下均显著提高,而郴州土壤上的油菜产量在1%生物炭处理下无显著变化,而在5%生物炭处理下降低了42.9%;生物炭施用影响了两种土壤上油菜可食部分重金属Cd、As和Pb的质量分数,但没有一致的规律;与对照相比,生物炭施用后郴州和龙岩土壤上油菜可食部分中Cd质量分数均出现下降趋势,但是仅5%生物炭处理的龙岩土壤具显著性差异;1%和5%生物炭施用处理使两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分Pb质量分数较对照处理显著降低（P〈0.05）,但降幅不同,郴州土壤降低了23.6%和22.0%,而偏酸性的龙岩土壤降低了82.1%和94.5%;生物炭施用后两种受试土壤上油菜可食部分As质量分数的变化不同,郴州土壤添加生物炭后油菜As质量分数呈上升趋势,且增量随生物炭施用量增加而升高,龙岩土壤则相反,1     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm2)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm2)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm2)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处...     

油菜秸秆髓芯对水中铜离子吸附作用及其机理

使用单因素实验,分别考察不同溶液pH、油菜秸秆髓芯加入量、溶液初始Cu2+浓度和吸附时间4个因素对油菜秸秆髓芯吸附水中Cu2+影响作用.采用BBD实验设计分析和优化其吸附条件,并得到最佳吸附条件组合.使用吸附等温方程和动力学方程对其吸附Cu2+过程进行评价,运用红外光谱技术对吸附Cu2+前后油菜秸秆髓芯进行分析,初步推断油菜秸秆髓芯吸附水中Cu2+的机理.最佳吸附条件参数组合:在温度为25℃条件下、初始Cu2+浓度为31 mg/L、溶液pH为5.0和油菜秸秆髓芯加入量为1.17 g/L条件组合下吸附120 min,在此组合条件下油菜秸秆髓芯对水中Cu2+最大去除率达到96.86%.吸附等温方程表明,其吸附Cu2+行为更符合Langmuir方程;动力学方程显示,其吸附Cu2+行为符合二次动力学方程.红外光谱显示,油菜秸秆髓芯中的—C=O、酰胺II基团参与Cu2+的络合吸附.油菜秸秆髓芯对水中Cu2+呈现出良好的吸附性能,为油菜秸秆髓芯作为Cu2+ 吸附剂提供了应用基础与理论依据.     

Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips

In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field.     

二氧化硫对作物游离氨基酸浓度的作用

观察了四种作物接触二氧化硫后游离氨基酸,特别是十种昆虫必需氨基酸含量的变化.二氧化硫引起油菜、大豆和小麦叶片中昆虫必需氨基酸浓度明显增加,非必需氨基酸中,增加或减少趋势不一.玉米没有这种反应.二氧化硫熏气的大豆上叶螨生长繁殖快于对照.讨论了植物中氨基酸浓度的增加和大气污染诱发虫害加剧的关系.     

Response of peroxidase and catalase to acid rain stress during seed germination of rice, wheat, and rape

Seed germination of plants with various acid-resistance display different responses to acid rain. To understand the reason why such differences occur, the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.0) on the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) during seed germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum), and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum change in activities of CAT and POD by acid rain treatment with different acidity and time in relation to the referent treatment without acid rain, was in the order: rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%, 48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%). The pH level for which the treatment with acid rain did not cause significant difference (p < 0.05) was in the order: rice (3.5).wheat (4.0).rape (5.0). Moreover, the change in activity of POD was higher than that of CAT, which showed that POD was more sensitive to acid rain stress than CAT. The difference in the ability of POD and CAT in removing free radicals was one reason why the germination indexes of these three species behaved differently. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 123–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

油菜根系分泌物对不同作物幼苗生长的化感效应

在实验室采用发芽试验的方法研究了油菜Brassicacampestris根系分泌物对小麦、油菜、蚕豆和玉米种子活力、幼苗生长发育及生理生化特性造成的化感效应。结果表明,油菜根系分泌物的化感累加作用对不同作物种子发芽率、幼苗芽长、芽质量、根长、根质量、根系活力以及幼芽过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均具有显著影响,其化感效应对小麦的影响程度最弱,其中对小麦的种子发芽率、幼苗根长、芽干物质量、POD活性和根系活力以及各作物幼芽细胞膜的毒害程度均表现出促进作用,而对小麦幼苗其它生长特性以及油菜、蚕豆和玉米幼苗的所有生长特性均表现为抑制作用,表明油菜根系分泌物对不同作物及不同生长特性的化感效应具有不同的选择性。因此,合理搭配油菜作物的间、套、轮作是其夺取优质、高产栽培的关键技术。