硫对土壤中硒形态变化及油菜硒吸收的影响

本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.     

一株镉超积累植物东南景天特异内生细菌的筛选及鉴定

以我国原生的镉超积累植物东南景天为材料,从其根部筛选到4株对镉具有耐性的内生菌株,它们均可产生生长素(IAA)、铁载体等促生物质.砂培试验发现,接种上述菌株能促进油菜植株的生长,提高植物对镉的积累量,其中,以菌株SaN1的作用效果最显著,可使油菜苗期地上部的生物量和镉积累量分别提高18.6%和45%.生理生化鉴定与16S rDNA分析证明,SaN1为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterum);该菌株接种到LB液体培养基后,12 h进入对数生长期,42 h达到稳定生长期,54 h进入衰亡期;其最佳培养温度为30℃,最适pH为中性.     

Maximum feasible distance of windborne cross-pollination in Brassica napus: A ‘mass budget’ model

A theory of gene dispersal by wind pollination can make an important contribution to understanding the viability and evolution of important plant groups in the Earth's changing landscape and it can be applied to evaluate concerns about the spread of engineered genes from genetically modified (GM) crops into conventional varieties via windborne pollen. Here, we present a model of cross-pollination between plant populations due to the wind. We perform a ‘mass budget’ of pollen by accounting for the number of pollen grains from release in the source population, dispersal from the source to the sink population by the wind, and deposition on receptive surfaces in the sink population. Our model can be parameterised for any wind-pollinated species, but we apply it to Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) to investigate the threat posed by wind pollination to GM confinement in agriculture. Specifically, we calculate the maximum feasible distance at which a particular level of windborne gene dispersal could be attained. This is equivalent to the separation distance between populations or fields required to achieve a given threshold of gene dispersal or adventitious GM presence. As required, model predictions of the upper bounds on levels of wind-mediated gene dispersal exceed observations from a wide range of published studies. For a level of gene dispersal below 0.9%, which is the EU threshold for GM adventitious presence, we predict that the maximum feasible distance for agricultural fields of B. napus is 1000 m, regardless of field shape and direction of prevailing winds. For fields closer than 1000 m, our model results do not necessarily imply that the 0.9% threshold is likely to be breached, because in this instance we have conservatively set the values of parameters where current knowledge is limited. We also predict that gene dispersal is reduced by 50% when the lag in peak flowering between the source and sink populations is 13 days, and reduced by 90% when the lag is 24 days. We identify further measurements necessary to improve the accuracy of the model predictions.     

不同氮肥对油菜B与Mo吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了潮土中不同氮肥对油菜硼钼吸收的影响，结果表明，前期(5周)施氮并没有促进油菜的生长，而且大部分氮肥对油菜生长表现抑制作用，氯化铵处理的作用最大，硫酸铵和尿素处理次之，硝酸铵处理再次之；不同氮肥均有抑制油菜生长前期(5周)硼吸收和累积的作用，其中以氯化铵、硝酸铵和尿素的作用为甚；不同氮肥同样抑制油菜生长前期(5周)对钼的吸收和累积，以硫酸铵处理作用最突出，氯化铵处理次之。但随着时间的推移，10、15周不同氮肥大多促进油菜的生长，增加油菜对硼钼的吸收和累积，且各氮肥处理间的差异逐步减小。     

Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses from simulated acid rain and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.     

Effect of SO2 on performance of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum Schiff

Effect of SO₂-enriched air on the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum Schiff.was investigated by rearing the larvae on rape leaves that had been exposed to 40 or 80 ppb of the air pollutant in field fumigation chambers. An examination on the 11th day showed that the larvae in both treatments survived more, developed markedly faster, their fresh v/eig'ht and mean relative growth rate were significantly greater than those of control insect. Improvement of their growth and development resulted in decrease of total larval duration by 0.5 - 1.0 day. Pupal and adult performances were little affected by SO₂ level to which larval food plant was exposed. Possible reason responsible for enhanced growth and development of the insect species was discussed.     

纳米碳及其复合材料对油菜生长和土壤氮素保持效应的影响

采用盆栽种植实验及淋溶试验方法,研究了纳米碳及其与沸石、保水剂等材料复合对油菜生长和土壤氮素淋溶情况的影响.结果表明,在各处理中,纳米碳与沸石和保水剂复合材料处理(N4)对油菜的株高和干重影响最明显,较空白对照组(CK)分别增加21.12%和16.51%;在土壤淋溶试验中,各处理的土壤总氮淋出量较CK减少25.00%~39.21%,其中,累积淋溶中NH+4-N量占总氮量的4.44%~6.73%,各处理间无显著差异,NO-3-N量占总氮量的49.33%~60.05%,但各处理间差异显著;纳米碳和沸石复合处理能有效延缓NO-3-N峰值出现时间,减少NO-3-N流失.因此,N4处理在促进作物生长和氮素保持增效利用方面效果最佳.     

四湖地区涝渍地油菜田杂草发生特点及防治对策

通过对湖北省涝渍地开发工程技术研究中心高场示范围场油菜田的田间杂草进行调查，发现涝渍地油菜田杂草的发生特点与非涝渍地存在明显的区别：在涝渍地区域，棒头草等禾本科杂草生长旺盛，为最优势种群；在非涝渍地田块中，禾本科杂草则几乎没有生长，田问杂草单位面积鲜重也大大降低。通过筛选几种化学除草剂，建立了以乙草胺乳油土壤处理或精禾草克与高特克桶混茎叶喷雾为较优方案的杂草防治措施。     

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响. 结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH<3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH>3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致. K,Na,Ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.      

不同比例钙锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上两种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钙锌对小油菜(Brassica Campetris,Lvar Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉、钙、锌质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钙、锌以不同比例共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显的影响;随着锌用量增加,土壤溶液中锌的质量浓度明显增加,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高.小油菜体内镉含量明显降低;高镉污染赤红壤上,钙锌共存中钙用量增加,土壤溶液中钙的质量浓度明显增加.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钙、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低34.2%和27.3%(两季平均值);而土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加307%和120%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.钙、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.