非超低与超低排放煤电机组启动过程NOx排放特征对比分析

通过采集671台次燃煤火电机组NO_x排放实时监控数据,对非超低排放与超低排放机组总体及相应各等级机组启动过程中NO_x排放特征进行了对比分析.结果表明,非超低排放机组启动阶段NO_x超标率为81.53%,平均超标小时数为2.64 h,平均最大排放小时均值为284.06 mg·m~(-3);超低排放机组启动阶段NO_x超标率为79.86%,平均超标小时数为2.52 h,平均最大排放小时均值为231.61 mg·m~(-3);非超低与超低排放机组总体及相应各等级机组间NO_x超标率和平均超标时长无统计学意义上的差异,但平均最大排放小时均值浓度存在显著差异;非超低排放机组中,除300 MW等级机组平均最大排放小时均值浓度显著低于200 MW等级机组外,其余对比组在超标率、超标小时数及平均最大排放小时均值浓度上均无显著差异;不同等级超低排放机组之间在超标率、超标小时数和最大排放小时均值浓度上都有统计学意义上差异的情况, 600 MW等级机组超标时长控制最优, 1 000 MW等级机组排放浓度控制较好.     

基于MBR不同种泥短程硝化启动的微生物群落结构分析

为明确膜生物反应器(MBR)接种不同污泥启动短程硝化前后微生物群落结构变化特征,采用MBR反应器分别接种硝化污泥(R1)、厌氧亚硝化污泥(R2)和1∶1混合接种厌氧亚硝化污泥和反硝化污泥(R3),获取有利于实现快速短程硝化的污泥源.结果表明,结合间歇曝气和缩短水力停留时间(HRT),R1、R2与R3反应器分别耗时46 d、8 d和30 d成功启动短程硝化,R2反应器启动周期最短.稳定运行期内,R1、R2和R3反应器亚硝累积率平均为92%、93%和94%,R3反应器表现出更稳定的短程硝化性能.ACE、Chao、Shannon和Simpson指数结果表明,稳定运行后,R1和R2反应器微生物丰度和多样性水平均大幅低于接种污泥,R3反应器物种丰度略有减少而多样性水平变化不大.短程硝化成功启动后,3个反应器内的主要菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),且主要脱氮功能菌变形菌门丰度相较于接种污泥均有提高.β-变形菌纲为3个反应器短程硝化系统的优势菌群,分别占比59.6%、63.6%和69.3%.R1、R2和R3反应器内的优势菌属均为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),所占比例分别达12.8%、20.2%和19.7%.相比R1反应器,R2和R3反应器接种污泥内存在一定比例的亚硝化细菌,更有利于系统短程硝化的实现.     

Improving body posture while fueling with a newly designed pump nozzle

Background. Although petrol pumps are a very common and highly used simple technology, their design consideration for comfort and safety to prevent high-pressure load and musculoskeletal injuries to the body is a neglected area in many countries including Iran. Objectives. This study attempted to design a new pump nozzle, and to assess the differences in musculoskeletal load related to body posture when a price/volume display is mounted on the pump nozzle. Methods. For postural analysis, photographs recording the posture of 100 randomly selected customers while fueling at petrol pumps and the rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) technique were used. Results. The results of this study showed that RULA scores improved significantly after the newly designed pump nozzle was used. Conclusion. The newly designed pump nozzle is useful in reducing load related to body posture while fueling.     

快速城市化对农村环境整治的影响和挑战研究

近年来中国农村环境整治力度不断加大,也面临着诸多挑战.其中影响最大的是中国当前的快速城市化进程.人口和其他资源要素在城乡的大规模快速迁移,对农村的社会经济造成了巨大的冲击,导致农村环境整治面临综合成本高、人力资本匮乏和社会资本涣散等诸多难题.为此,简单将城市环境治理的思路延续到农村地区,即以重工程技术轻治理机制、多部门投入缺乏有机整合以及政府包揽过多等为主要特征,很难真正发挥作用.需要站在城乡统筹发展的高度,农村环境整治与经济发展、社区振兴三位一体、系统推进.     

Rank aggregation of local expert knowledge for conservation planning of the critically endangered saola

There has been much recent interest in using local knowledge and expert opinion for conservation planning, particularly for hard‐to‐detect species. Although it is possible to ask for direct estimation of quantities such as population size, relative abundance is easier to estimate. However, an expert's knowledge is often geographically restricted relative to the area of interest. Combining (or aggregating) experts’ assessments of relative abundance is difficult when each expert only knows a part of the area of interest. We used Google's PageRank algorithm to aggregate ranked abundance scores elicited from local experts through a rapid rural‐appraisal method. We applied this technique to conservation planning for the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), a poorly known bovid. Near a priority landscape for the species, composed of 3 contiguous protected areas, we asked groups of local people to indicate relative abundances of saola and other species by placing beans on community maps. For each village, we used this information to rank areas within the knowledge area of that village for saola abundance. We used simulations to compare alternative methods to aggregate the rankings from the different villages. The best‐performing method was then used to produce a single map of relative abundance across the entire landscape, an area larger than that known to any one village. This map has informed prioritization of surveys and conservation action in the continued absence of direct information about the saola.     

Modeling Land-Use Change in a Decision-Support System for Coastal-Zone Management

RaMCo is a prototype version of a decision-support system for coastal-zone management. The model is based on the findings of a multidisiciplinary research program, conducted in Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia. Different management strategies can be compared on the basis of the short- and long-term consequences. Land-use change has been included in RaMCo in view of the impacts of land-based human activities on the marine environment. The key aspect of the model is a combination of the temporal dynamics of land-use change on the regional (macro-level) scale and spatial dynamics on the local (micro-level) scale. Constrained cellular automata are used to integrate both scale levels. The state changes of the cells depend on the consistency with the macro-scale model, local geographical conditions, and interaction with neighboring cells. In this paper, we discuss the underlying theoretical assumptions of the macro-scale and micro-scale models, some characteristic results for land-use change in the study area, and the validation problem.     

关于影响易损性分析结果的区域因素研究——以福建为例

以福建省震害快速评估系统为依托,以分析处理现场实际调查数据为基础,提出了主要影响易损性分析结果的四个区域因素及其影响指数值、区域综合指数值,提供了各分区的划分依据、各分区影响指数值的评定标准以及区域综合指数值的计算方法,为合理应用不同地区之间的易损性矩阵或易损性曲线提供了参考依据。     

Can Rapid Assessment Protocols Be Used to Judge Sediment Impairment in Gravel‐Bed Streams? A Commentary

Land management agencies commonly use rapid assessments to evaluate the impairment of gravel‐bed streams by sediment inputs from anthropogenic sources. We question whether rapid assessment can be used to reliably judge sediment impairment at a site or in a region. Beyond the challenges of repeatable and accurate sampling, we argue that a single metric or protocol is unlikely to reveal causative relations because channel condition can result from multiple pathways, processes, and background controls. To address these concerns, a contextual analysis is needed to link affected resources, causal factors, and site history to reliably identify human influences. Contextual analysis is equivalent in principle to cumulative effects and watershed analyses and has a rich history, but has gradually been replaced by rapid assessment methods. Although the approaches differ, rapid assessment and contextual analysis are complementary and can be implemented in a two‐tiered approach in which rapid assessment provides a coarse (first‐tier) analysis to identify sites that deserve deeper contextual assessment (second‐tier). Contextual analysis is particularly appropriate for site‐specific studies that should be tailored to local conditions. A balance between rapid assessment and contextual analysis is needed to provide the most effective information for management decisions.     

环境中大肠杆菌快速生物检测技术研究进展

大肠杆菌作为水质卫生学指标,在环境水质监测中起着非常重要的指示作用.近年来为了克服大肠杆菌常规监测方法的不足,基于现代生物技术原理展开的环境中大肠杆菌的快速检测技术是国内外的研究热点.本文对环境介质大肠杆菌的分子生物学监测方法、免疫学检测方法等的原理及其在环境领域中的应用进行了综述和分析,并在此基础上对大肠杆菌的仪器化发展进行了展望.指出以现代生物技术为核心的并结合现代仪器技术的大肠杆菌快速检测技术将具有良好的应用前景,大肠杆菌的快速检测技术应向操作简单、快速、高灵敏度以及低成本方向发展.